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Pediatric Nursing Care > Chapter 48: The Child with Cancer > Flashcards

Chapter 48: The Child with Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

most common complications of this cancer treatment include mucositis, nosebleeds, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

A

bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)

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2
Q

Manifestations include hematuria, hypertension, abdominal pain, fatigue, anemia, fever

A

Wilms’ tumor

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3
Q

_____ is a marker for chronic inflammation with lymphomas

A

ESR

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4
Q

Child undergoing radiation should avoid excess ______________, ________, and ___________

A

sun exposure, heat, friction

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5
Q

the goal of remission, the reduction of blasts to less than ___%, is for it to be obtained within the ______ month of treatment

A

5, first

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6
Q

three types of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)

A

allogeneic, autologous, umbilical cord blood

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7
Q

most common type of solid tumor cancer

A

brain tumor

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8
Q

manifestations of this cancer include fever, pallor, excessive bruising, bone or joint pain, lymphadenopathy, malaise, hepatosplenomegaly, abnormal WBC counts, mild to profound anemia

A

leukemia

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9
Q

Manifestations may include jerking movement, restlessness, “dancing” eye movements, drooping eyelids, small pupils, and dark circles under the eyes if the _______________ is involved

A

neuroblastoma, spinal column

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10
Q

neuroblastoma arises from ____________ cells that proliferate and form solid tumors that then invade surrounding tissues and organs. Normally, these cells form the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla.

A

neural crest

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11
Q

maintenance is aimed at finding and killing __________ or last ___% of cancer cells and lasts _______

A

“hidden”, 5, 2-3 years

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12
Q

manifestations of this type of lymphoma include painless, firm moveable lymph nodes in cervical and subclavicular regions; some children have systemic effects such as fever, night sweats, weight loss

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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13
Q

complication in which transplanted cells recognize the recipient as foreign and begin to attack blood and organs

A

graft versus host disease (GVHD)

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14
Q

__________ levels may be elevated with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)

A

uric acid

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15
Q

Have been connected to radiation treatments from other cancers

A

osteosarcoma

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16
Q

type of brain tumor defined by ________ of origin, its ____________ within brain matter, and its ___________

A

tissue, placement, growth rate

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17
Q

the ________________ chromosome can cause acute lymphoblastic leukemia to relapse

A

Philadelphia

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18
Q

Brain tumor survivors may experience long-term effects which can include ________ and __________ problems, ______________ delays, ___________ dysfunction resulting in puberty and growth problems, ____________ problems, and ____________

A

learning, cognition, developmental, endocrine, sensory, seizures

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19
Q

three most common diagnosed pediatric cancers

A

leukemias, brain tumors, lymphomas

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20
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) responds (poorly, well) to chemotherapy treatment, which increases the risk for ________________, which can result in electrolyte imbalances. If not corrected, damage to the _________ can occur.

A

well, tumor lysis syndrome, kidneys

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21
Q

side effects of this cancer treatment include skin reactions* (most common), bruising, fatigue, bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, mucositis*

A

radiation

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22
Q

soft tumor cancer that is diagnosed after all other solid tumors are ruled out

A

Ewing sarcoma

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23
Q

The ________ catheter measures intracranial pressure

A

Licox

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24
Q

two types of treatments for retinoblastoma

A

enucleation (removal of eye)
cryotherapy

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25
Q

this type of cancer has same diagnostics, treatment, and nursing care as an osteosarcoma

A

Ewing sarcoma

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26
Q

type of malignant lymphoma with more rapid onset and widespread involvement at diagnosis

A

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)

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27
Q

cancer in which there is an overproduction of immature WBCs, called blasts, which compete for space with functional blood cells

A

leukemia

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28
Q

Osteosarcomas are more common in (boys, girls), but it is diagnosed earlier in (boys, girls) due to earlier bone maturation.

A

boys, girls

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29
Q

Osteosarcomas will first metastasize to the ________

A

lungs

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30
Q

Wilms’ tumor most commonly metastasizes to the ________

A

lungs

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31
Q

two methods of complimentary therapy for cancer treatment

A

steroids, biologic agents

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32
Q

In treating non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), ___________ and ____________ help reduce increasing uric acid levels.

A

IV fluids, oral allopurinol

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33
Q

Connections are speculated with tumor formation and growth spurts. The average time for diagnosis is during adolescence.

A

osteosarcoma

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34
Q

Manifestations include chronic and persistent pain at tumor site, limping, palpable mass, limited ROM, pathologic fracture

A

osteosarcoma

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35
Q

if a rhabdomyosarcoma is located on a specific organ, it is common for _____________ to occur

A

organ disruption

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36
Q

Thrombocytopenia associated with chemotherapy can cause varicella lesions to be ______________

A

hemorrhagic

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37
Q

Brain tumors near ___________ can cause worsened hydrocephalus

A

ventricles

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38
Q

treatments only useful in certain pediatric cancer groups

A

stem cell and bone marrow transplants

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39
Q

In treating non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), the _______________ must be corrected before starting chemotherapy

A

metabolic state

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40
Q

rhabdomyosarcomas are treated with _________________, and _____________ is given before and afterwards. ___________ can be used as an adjunct therapy or if the tumor is inoperable.

A

tumor resection, chemotherapy, radiation

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41
Q

most common manifestation of a neuroblastoma

A

abdominal distention (primary tumor is somewhere within abdominal cavity)

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42
Q

type of lymphoma hallmarked by presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in blood

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

43
Q

A child treated with bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) will need (high, low) amount of calories in diet

A

high

44
Q

a _________________ is used to confirm the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)

A

lymph node biopsy

45
Q

school accommodations for child undergoing leukemia treatment

A

frequent rest breaks
bleeding precautions

46
Q

Manifestations of this type of lymphoma include painless, enlarged lymph nodes and hepatosplenomegaly

A

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)

47
Q

____% of children who have received radiation will develop a secondary cancer within _______ years

A

3-10, 10-15

48
Q

lab tests for leukemia include _____, ____________ to check for leukemia cells in spinal fluid, and ___________, which is diagnostic for leukemias

A

CBC, lumbar puncture, bone marrow biopsy

49
Q

leukemia treatment involves a combination of ____________ and ___________

A

chemotherapy agents, steroids

50
Q

Radiation treatments are not frequently used to treat non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) due to ______________ nature of tumors. It is reserved for those with _______ involvement

A

widespread, CNS

51
Q

The purpose of using a chest X-ray in diagnosing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is to ____________________

A

look for tumors within mediastinum

52
Q

After surgical removal of a brain tumor, the child is at increased risk for ________________________, which may involve cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, and hemorrhage.

A

increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

53
Q

three phases of leukemia

A

induction, consolidation, maintenance

54
Q

most common renal tumor in children

A

Wilms’ tumor

55
Q

treatment for neuroblastoma may include one or more of these four things

A

radiation
surgery
chemotherapy
autologous stem cell transplant

56
Q

with this type of rhabdomyosarcoma, nontender immobile masses are present and can be mistaken for hematomas

A

embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

57
Q

chemotherapy agents are (selective, nonselective) because they kill (some, all) rapidly dividing cells

A

nonselective, all

58
Q

Symptoms of cancer vary according to child’s ____, ______ of tumor, ________ of tumor, and _______ of disease

A

age, type, location, extent

59
Q

two purposes of chemo cocktails

A

prevent drug resistance
achieve highest cancer kill rate

60
Q

Unresolved pain related to a recent injury often brings about an accurate diagnosis

A

osteosarcoma

61
Q

highest mortality rate of all pediatric cancers

A

brain tumors

62
Q

two main treatments for Wilms’ tumor

A

surgery, chemotherapy

63
Q

three most common pediatric cancer treatments

A

chemotherapy, radiation, surgery

64
Q

(Overt, Covert) manifestations of cancer include mass, purpura, pallor, weight loss, whitish reflex in eyes, vomiting in early morning, recurrent and/or persistent fever

A

Overt

65
Q

While the cause is unknown, there is a strong link to _______ and ________ factors that contribute to a patient developing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)

A

viral, immune

66
Q

Osteosarcomas are not responsive to _________ treatments, which are only used for palliative pain control

A

radiation

67
Q

Brain tumor surgery patients are at risk for ___________ due to surgery directly into brain

A

meningitis

68
Q

Avoid ____________ Wilms’ tumor during assessment due to risk of _________________________, which can cause cancerous cells to spread

A

palpating, rupturing protective capsule

69
Q

most common diagnosed cancer in infants

A

neuroblastoma

70
Q

Because non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) progresses (slowly, rapidly), there is (low, high) cell turnover which can result in _______________

A

rapidly, high, metabolic disarray

71
Q

treatment for brain tumors usually begins with ____________

A

surgery

72
Q

combinations of chemotherapy are called

A

chemo cocktails

73
Q

Treatment goals for an osteosarcoma is to __________ the tumor and _____________ spreading.

A

remove, prevent

74
Q

Patients with a history of _______________ have a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)

A

immunodeficiency

75
Q

if remission is not obtained according to the initial goal, and a large number of blasts remain, a _______________ is started

A

new treatment regimen

76
Q

four lab studies for brain tumors

A

CT, MRI, PET scans, lumbar puncture

77
Q

this subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is characterized by elevated uric acid levels

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

78
Q

malignancy of muscle tissue

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

79
Q

retinoblastomas are not reactive to __________________ and develop drug resistance easily

A

chemotherapy

80
Q

Cancer is the __________ leading cause of death in children

A

second

81
Q

bone marrow transplant can be used to treat these four cancers/conditions

A

relapsed acute lymphoblastic anemia with Philadelphia chromosome
severe aplastic anemia
acute myeloid leukemia
stage 4 neuroblastoma

82
Q

(Overt, Covert) manifestations of cancer include bone pain; headache; persistent lymphadenopathy; change in balance, gait, or personality; fatigue, malaise

A

Covert

83
Q

The term ____________ is used when there is a high cost or low benefit to surgery for brain tumors

A

inoperable

84
Q

a retinoblastoma is characterized by a ___________ reflection instead of a ______________

A

white, red reflex

85
Q

type of malignant lymphoma that is more localized

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

86
Q

Radiation therapy is usually ________________________ to help promote tumor killing and reduce side effects

A

split into small frequent doses

87
Q

Nursing care after surgical removal of a brain tumor includes frequent ___________ and checks on ____________ and ______________ status

A

vital signs, mental, neurologic

88
Q

Side effects of this cancer treatment include bone marrow suppression (most common), bleeding, bruising, alopecia, malaise*, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, stomatitis, constipation, diarrhea

A

chemotherapy

89
Q

embryonal cancer of neural cells

A

neuroblastoma

90
Q

this type of brain tumor has a terminal diagnosis as soon as it is discovered

A

diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG)

91
Q

Manifestations include limited ROM, pain, limping, cough, facial edema

A

neuroblastoma

92
Q

Manifestations include pain, redness, strabismus, and eye inflammation

A

retinoblastoma

93
Q

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) allow for (large, small) doses of chemotherapy and radiation without regard to ________________________

A

large, bone marrow suppression

94
Q

As non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) tumors are killed, the urine may develop a ___________ appearance.

A

milky white

95
Q

Manifestations of this cancer include pain and swelling around the affected bone, fever

A

Ewing sarcoma

96
Q

Manifestations of brain tumors are worse in ___________ due to pressure changing from changing positions

A

morning

97
Q

A ________ may be placed in certain brain tumors to help relieve hydrocephalus

A

VP shunt

98
Q

this type of rhabdomyosarcoma occurs in the trunk and extremities and is associated with poor prognosis

A

alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma

99
Q

Radiation under the age of _______ is avoided if possible in patients with brain tumors because this is the time of significant brain and cognitive growth. Radiation at this age can also change ______________.

A

5 years, facial structures

100
Q

Treatment for lymphoma lasts between ____________ and ___________

A

6 months, 2 years

101
Q

Down syndrome increases likelihood of developing leukemias by _____% compared to general population

A

10-20

102
Q

Chemotherapy is given about ___________ before surgery is scheduled to remove an osteosarcoma and is continued for ___________ after the surgery

A

3 months, 9 months

103
Q

treatment for this type of lymphoma involves chemotherapy alone or with low doses of radiation

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

104
Q

type of cancer only diagnosed in infants and children

A

neuroblastoma

Pediatric Nursing Care (17 decks)

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