Chapter 48: The Child with Cancer Flashcards
most common complications of this cancer treatment include mucositis, nosebleeds, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
Manifestations include hematuria, hypertension, abdominal pain, fatigue, anemia, fever
Wilms’ tumor
_____ is a marker for chronic inflammation with lymphomas
ESR
Child undergoing radiation should avoid excess ______________, ________, and ___________
sun exposure, heat, friction
the goal of remission, the reduction of blasts to less than ___%, is for it to be obtained within the ______ month of treatment
5, first
three types of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
allogeneic, autologous, umbilical cord blood
most common type of solid tumor cancer
brain tumor
manifestations of this cancer include fever, pallor, excessive bruising, bone or joint pain, lymphadenopathy, malaise, hepatosplenomegaly, abnormal WBC counts, mild to profound anemia
leukemia
Manifestations may include jerking movement, restlessness, “dancing” eye movements, drooping eyelids, small pupils, and dark circles under the eyes if the _______________ is involved
neuroblastoma, spinal column
neuroblastoma arises from ____________ cells that proliferate and form solid tumors that then invade surrounding tissues and organs. Normally, these cells form the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla.
neural crest
maintenance is aimed at finding and killing __________ or last ___% of cancer cells and lasts _______
“hidden”, 5, 2-3 years
manifestations of this type of lymphoma include painless, firm moveable lymph nodes in cervical and subclavicular regions; some children have systemic effects such as fever, night sweats, weight loss
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
complication in which transplanted cells recognize the recipient as foreign and begin to attack blood and organs
graft versus host disease (GVHD)
__________ levels may be elevated with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)
uric acid
Have been connected to radiation treatments from other cancers
osteosarcoma
type of brain tumor defined by ________ of origin, its ____________ within brain matter, and its ___________
tissue, placement, growth rate
the ________________ chromosome can cause acute lymphoblastic leukemia to relapse
Philadelphia
Brain tumor survivors may experience long-term effects which can include ________ and __________ problems, ______________ delays, ___________ dysfunction resulting in puberty and growth problems, ____________ problems, and ____________
learning, cognition, developmental, endocrine, sensory, seizures
three most common diagnosed pediatric cancers
leukemias, brain tumors, lymphomas
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) responds (poorly, well) to chemotherapy treatment, which increases the risk for ________________, which can result in electrolyte imbalances. If not corrected, damage to the _________ can occur.
well, tumor lysis syndrome, kidneys
side effects of this cancer treatment include skin reactions* (most common), bruising, fatigue, bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, mucositis*
radiation
soft tumor cancer that is diagnosed after all other solid tumors are ruled out
Ewing sarcoma
The ________ catheter measures intracranial pressure
Licox
two types of treatments for retinoblastoma
enucleation (removal of eye)
cryotherapy
this type of cancer has same diagnostics, treatment, and nursing care as an osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
type of malignant lymphoma with more rapid onset and widespread involvement at diagnosis
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)
cancer in which there is an overproduction of immature WBCs, called blasts, which compete for space with functional blood cells
leukemia
Osteosarcomas are more common in (boys, girls), but it is diagnosed earlier in (boys, girls) due to earlier bone maturation.
boys, girls
Osteosarcomas will first metastasize to the ________
lungs
Wilms’ tumor most commonly metastasizes to the ________
lungs
two methods of complimentary therapy for cancer treatment
steroids, biologic agents
In treating non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), ___________ and ____________ help reduce increasing uric acid levels.
IV fluids, oral allopurinol
Connections are speculated with tumor formation and growth spurts. The average time for diagnosis is during adolescence.
osteosarcoma
Manifestations include chronic and persistent pain at tumor site, limping, palpable mass, limited ROM, pathologic fracture
osteosarcoma
if a rhabdomyosarcoma is located on a specific organ, it is common for _____________ to occur
organ disruption
Thrombocytopenia associated with chemotherapy can cause varicella lesions to be ______________
hemorrhagic
Brain tumors near ___________ can cause worsened hydrocephalus
ventricles
treatments only useful in certain pediatric cancer groups
stem cell and bone marrow transplants
In treating non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), the _______________ must be corrected before starting chemotherapy
metabolic state
rhabdomyosarcomas are treated with _________________, and _____________ is given before and afterwards. ___________ can be used as an adjunct therapy or if the tumor is inoperable.
tumor resection, chemotherapy, radiation
most common manifestation of a neuroblastoma
abdominal distention (primary tumor is somewhere within abdominal cavity)
type of lymphoma hallmarked by presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in blood
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
A child treated with bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) will need (high, low) amount of calories in diet
high
a _________________ is used to confirm the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)
lymph node biopsy
school accommodations for child undergoing leukemia treatment
frequent rest breaks
bleeding precautions
Manifestations of this type of lymphoma include painless, enlarged lymph nodes and hepatosplenomegaly
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)
____% of children who have received radiation will develop a secondary cancer within _______ years
3-10, 10-15
lab tests for leukemia include _____, ____________ to check for leukemia cells in spinal fluid, and ___________, which is diagnostic for leukemias
CBC, lumbar puncture, bone marrow biopsy
leukemia treatment involves a combination of ____________ and ___________
chemotherapy agents, steroids
Radiation treatments are not frequently used to treat non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) due to ______________ nature of tumors. It is reserved for those with _______ involvement
widespread, CNS
The purpose of using a chest X-ray in diagnosing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is to ____________________
look for tumors within mediastinum
After surgical removal of a brain tumor, the child is at increased risk for ________________________, which may involve cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, and hemorrhage.
increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
three phases of leukemia
induction, consolidation, maintenance
most common renal tumor in children
Wilms’ tumor
treatment for neuroblastoma may include one or more of these four things
radiation
surgery
chemotherapy
autologous stem cell transplant
with this type of rhabdomyosarcoma, nontender immobile masses are present and can be mistaken for hematomas
embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
chemotherapy agents are (selective, nonselective) because they kill (some, all) rapidly dividing cells
nonselective, all
Symptoms of cancer vary according to child’s ____, ______ of tumor, ________ of tumor, and _______ of disease
age, type, location, extent
two purposes of chemo cocktails
prevent drug resistance
achieve highest cancer kill rate
Unresolved pain related to a recent injury often brings about an accurate diagnosis
osteosarcoma
highest mortality rate of all pediatric cancers
brain tumors
two main treatments for Wilms’ tumor
surgery, chemotherapy
three most common pediatric cancer treatments
chemotherapy, radiation, surgery
(Overt, Covert) manifestations of cancer include mass, purpura, pallor, weight loss, whitish reflex in eyes, vomiting in early morning, recurrent and/or persistent fever
Overt
While the cause is unknown, there is a strong link to _______ and ________ factors that contribute to a patient developing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)
viral, immune
Osteosarcomas are not responsive to _________ treatments, which are only used for palliative pain control
radiation
Brain tumor surgery patients are at risk for ___________ due to surgery directly into brain
meningitis
Avoid ____________ Wilms’ tumor during assessment due to risk of _________________________, which can cause cancerous cells to spread
palpating, rupturing protective capsule
most common diagnosed cancer in infants
neuroblastoma
Because non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) progresses (slowly, rapidly), there is (low, high) cell turnover which can result in _______________
rapidly, high, metabolic disarray
treatment for brain tumors usually begins with ____________
surgery
combinations of chemotherapy are called
chemo cocktails
Treatment goals for an osteosarcoma is to __________ the tumor and _____________ spreading.
remove, prevent
Patients with a history of _______________ have a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)
immunodeficiency
if remission is not obtained according to the initial goal, and a large number of blasts remain, a _______________ is started
new treatment regimen
four lab studies for brain tumors
CT, MRI, PET scans, lumbar puncture
this subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is characterized by elevated uric acid levels
Burkitt’s lymphoma
malignancy of muscle tissue
rhabdomyosarcoma
retinoblastomas are not reactive to __________________ and develop drug resistance easily
chemotherapy
Cancer is the __________ leading cause of death in children
second
bone marrow transplant can be used to treat these four cancers/conditions
relapsed acute lymphoblastic anemia with Philadelphia chromosome
severe aplastic anemia
acute myeloid leukemia
stage 4 neuroblastoma
(Overt, Covert) manifestations of cancer include bone pain; headache; persistent lymphadenopathy; change in balance, gait, or personality; fatigue, malaise
Covert
The term ____________ is used when there is a high cost or low benefit to surgery for brain tumors
inoperable
a retinoblastoma is characterized by a ___________ reflection instead of a ______________
white, red reflex
type of malignant lymphoma that is more localized
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Radiation therapy is usually ________________________ to help promote tumor killing and reduce side effects
split into small frequent doses
Nursing care after surgical removal of a brain tumor includes frequent ___________ and checks on ____________ and ______________ status
vital signs, mental, neurologic
Side effects of this cancer treatment include bone marrow suppression (most common), bleeding, bruising, alopecia, malaise*, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, stomatitis, constipation, diarrhea
chemotherapy
embryonal cancer of neural cells
neuroblastoma
this type of brain tumor has a terminal diagnosis as soon as it is discovered
diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG)
Manifestations include limited ROM, pain, limping, cough, facial edema
neuroblastoma
Manifestations include pain, redness, strabismus, and eye inflammation
retinoblastoma
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) allow for (large, small) doses of chemotherapy and radiation without regard to ________________________
large, bone marrow suppression
As non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) tumors are killed, the urine may develop a ___________ appearance.
milky white
Manifestations of this cancer include pain and swelling around the affected bone, fever
Ewing sarcoma
Manifestations of brain tumors are worse in ___________ due to pressure changing from changing positions
morning
A ________ may be placed in certain brain tumors to help relieve hydrocephalus
VP shunt
this type of rhabdomyosarcoma occurs in the trunk and extremities and is associated with poor prognosis
alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
Radiation under the age of _______ is avoided if possible in patients with brain tumors because this is the time of significant brain and cognitive growth. Radiation at this age can also change ______________.
5 years, facial structures
Treatment for lymphoma lasts between ____________ and ___________
6 months, 2 years
Down syndrome increases likelihood of developing leukemias by _____% compared to general population
10-20
Chemotherapy is given about ___________ before surgery is scheduled to remove an osteosarcoma and is continued for ___________ after the surgery
3 months, 9 months
treatment for this type of lymphoma involves chemotherapy alone or with low doses of radiation
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
type of cancer only diagnosed in infants and children
neuroblastoma
