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Pediatric Nursing Care > Chapter 44: The Child with a Genitourinary Alteration > Flashcards

Chapter 44: The Child with a Genitourinary Alteration Flashcards

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1
Q

kidneys reach near adult function at __________ of age

A

6-12 months

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2
Q

most common cause of chronic renal failure in children

A

congenital abnormality

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3
Q

sudden loss of kidney function

A

acute renal failure

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4
Q

treatment for acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is ____________ and includes monitoring ______________, low-_________ diet, and treatment of ______________.

A

supportive, fluid and electrolyte balance, sodium, hypertension

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5
Q

electrolyte imbalance that can occur with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis if kidney damage is occurring

A

increased potassium
increased bicarbonate

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6
Q

three examples of congenital urinary tract obstructions

A

stricture
hydronephrosis
phimosis

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7
Q

(Circumcised, Uncircumcised) males are at an increased risk of UTIs when the _____________________________

A

Uncircumcised, foreskin is not cleaned properly

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8
Q

Decreased _____________ and increased ___________ levels cause bone issues in patients with chronic renal failure.

A

calcium, phosphorus

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9
Q

UTI manifestations in a(n) (infant, child, child with pyelonephritis) include nonspecific manifestations, fever or hypothermia, irritability, dysuria, change in urine odor or color, and poor weight gain

A

infant

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10
Q

___________________ and ________________ increase the risk of enuresis

A

emotional stress, sexual abuse

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11
Q

irreversible loss of kidney function over months to years

A

chronic renal failure

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12
Q

testes typically descend at _____________ weeks gestation

A

32-36

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13
Q

children, especially (males, females), have (longer, shorter) urethras that predispose them to _______

A

females, shorter, UTIs

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14
Q

to treat nephrotic syndrome, the maximum dose of _____________ (for the patient’s weight) is given until no protein in urine for ________, then maintain dose for __________, then taper off

A

prednisone, 3-7 days, 4-6 weeks

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15
Q

children BEGIN to develop bladder control at ___________ of age

A

2 years

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16
Q

drug that can be used for enuresis unable to be treated by behavioral changes

A

desmopressin acetate

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17
Q

if the teste has not descended by ________ of age, surgery may be needed to pull it down

A

6-12 months

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18
Q

To treat enuresis (not caused by a disease process), behavioral changes include avoiding common _____________ such as ________ or __________, offering frequent opportunities to ________, limiting ________ and altering diet, keeping ________ of voiding, providing guided ___________, ___________ conditioning, and setting voiding ________.

A

diuretics, sugar, caffeine, void, fluids, records, imagery, behavioral, alarms

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19
Q

management of chronic renal failure includes ________ modification and medications such as ___________ and _______________.

A

diet, diuretics, antihypertensives

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20
Q

abnormal lab work for acute renal failure includes abnormal ____________, __________ imbalance, increased _________ and ____________, and fluid volume ________.

A

electrolytes, acid-base, BUN, creatinine, shifts

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21
Q

Manifestations of acute renal failure include _______, decreased _____________, respiratory ________, and increased _________. _________, ____________, and ___________ are manifestations that can occur with abnormal electrolytes.

A

edema, appetite/feeding, distress, blood pressure
emesis, lethargy, seizures

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22
Q

premature male infants have an increased risk of this condition

A

cryptorchidism

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23
Q

urinary _________ during potty training or voiding ______________ can cause urinary ___________ and may cause a _________

A

retention, dysfunction, stasis, UTI

24
Q

caused as an immune response after a group A strep infection in children

A

acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

25
Q

six causes of enuresis include decreased _________ capacity, __________ abnormalities, ___________ infection, _____________ bladder, _____s, and __________.

A

bladder, congenital, pinworm, neurogenic, UTI, constipation

26
Q

occurs from insult to glomerular basement membrane, increasing permeability and loss of substances that normally prevent negatively charged proteins from crossing membrane, excreting negatively charged proteins

A

nephrotic syndrome

27
Q

manifestations of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (3)

A

hypertension, edema, renal insufficiency

28
Q

complete bladder control is achieved by __________ of age

A

4-5 years

29
Q

Indications for dialysis include severe fluid ______________, pulmonary ________ or congestive ________________ secondary to that stated before, severe ________________, _____________ or _____________ unresponsive to medications, and/or a BUN greater than _______ mg/dL

A

overload, edema, heart failure, hypertension, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, 120

30
Q

treatment of acute renal failure is based on

A

identifying and treating cause

31
Q

congenital abnormality that causes urine in the bladder to back up into the ureter and/or kidney (increases risk for UTIs)

A

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

32
Q

characterized by at least one undescended testicle at birth

A

cryptorchidism

33
Q

the urethral opening is on the dorsal side of the glans of penis

A

epispadias

34
Q

desmopressin acetate should be avoided under the age of ____

A

6 years

35
Q

treatment for nephrotic syndrome includes the medications ___________ and _______________ with a low-__________ diet

A

steroids (prednisone), diuretics, sodium

36
Q

UTI manifestations in a(n) (infant, child, child with pyelonephritis) include high fever, chills, back pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, nausea, vomiting, appears very ill

A

child with pyelonephritis

37
Q

characteristics of urine with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (2)

A

hematuria, proteinuria

38
Q

urinalysis indicates UTI with presence of these four things in urine

A

bacteria, blood, WBCs, nitrites

39
Q

inability to retract foreskin

A

phimosis

40
Q

To improve fatigue for secondary anemia caused by chronic renal failure, use the medication ______________.

A

erythropoietin

41
Q

Manifestations of chronic renal failure are relatively __________ and include decreased ________, failure to _________, _______ issues, and _________.

A

vague, height, thrive, bone, edema

42
Q

obstruction in ureter backing up urine to kidney

A

hydronephrosis

43
Q

Adolescent females have an increased risk for UTIs when they ______________________

A

engage in sexual activity

44
Q

UTI manifestations in a(n) (infant, child, child with pyelonephritis) include abdominal or suprapubic pain, voiding frequency, voiding urgency, dysuria, new or increased incidence of enuresis, and fever

A

child

45
Q

kidneys operate at a functional level relative to ______________

A

body size

46
Q

parent teaching to prevent UTIs in children includes frequent __________, avoiding _________, proper ________ (wiping _______ to ________), increasing ___________, wearing _________ underwear, and avoiding _______________.

A

voiding, holding, hygiene, front, back, clear fluids, cotton, bubble baths

47
Q

To qualify for dialysis or kidney transplant, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) must be between _____%

A

5-10

48
Q

abnormal narrowing of a passage

A

stricture

49
Q

commonly known as bed-wetting

A

nocturnal enuresis

50
Q

Infants concentrate urine (more, less) efficiently than older children or adults

A

less

51
Q

nocturnal enuresis resolves by ______ of age

A

5-6 years

52
Q

nocturnal enuresis occurs when children cannot _____________________________

A

sense a full bladder

53
Q

characterized by urgency, frequency, and inappropriate wetting during the day

A

diurnal enuresis

54
Q

the urethral opening is on the ventral side of the glans of penis

A

hypospadias

55
Q

To avoid excess edema with chronic renal failure, decrease __________ and ___________ intake.

A

sodium, fluid

56
Q

characteristics of urine in nephrotic syndrome

A

dark and frothy
3+ to 4+ proteinuria

57
Q

manifestations include edema, anorexia, fatigue, abdominal pain, increased weight, respiratory infection, increased H&H

A

nephrotic syndrome

Pediatric Nursing Care (17 decks)

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