chapter 51- behaviour

Question 1

What is behaviour?

Answer 1

Behaviour is the sum of an organisms responses to an external and internal stimuli

Question 1

How are actions ( behaviour) carried out?

Answer 1

by muscles under control of the nervous system

Question 2

stimulus-> _ -> _ -> behaviour

Answer 2

nervous system, muscle glands

Question 3

Example of a behaviour

Answer 3

animal using its throat muscles to produce a song or releasing a scent to mark behaviour

Question 4

Proximate causation explains

Answer 4

how a behaviour occurs

Question 5

Ultimate causation explains

Answer 5

why a behaviour occurs

Question 6

Example of ultimate causation questions

Answer 6

Evolutionary history for a behaviour. Ultimate causation is the “real” reason something occurred, and is often referred to as the evolutionary explanation for something

Question 7

Example of proximate causation questions

Answer 7

Proximate causation is an event that is closest to, or immediately responsible for causing, some observed result.

Question 8

what is physiological stimuli and an example

Answer 8

a change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism’s internal or external environment
example= increased daylight triggers release sex horomone

Question 9

What is Behavioural stimuli and an example

Answer 9

Closing the eyes in response to bright light is

Question 10

what do systemic reasons explain

Answer 10

why a cicada sings…. bcs members of cicada lineage usually sing

Question 11

what do evoultionary reasons explain

Answer 11

bcs singing increases fitness

Question 12

what is a fixed action behaviour

Answer 12

an unlearned behaviour that contiues until completed

Question 13

example of fixed action pattern

Answer 13

observer noticed that male sticklebacks behave aggressively towards red items that pass like a truck

Question 14

the red item that prompted this behaviour is a _ bcs

Answer 14

a sign stimulus, bcs it triggered a fixed action pattern (FAP) in an animal

Question 15

environmental stimuli not only trigger behaviours but also provide

Answer 15

cues to help them carry behaviours out

Question 16

example of env. cues

Answer 16

migration

Question 17

in migration an animal does not know this new enviornment, so how do they find their way

Answer 17

circadian rhythm and lunar cycles

Question 18

what is the circadian rhythm and lunar cycle

Answer 18

rest and activity cycles regulated by circadian clock ( 24h) and lunar cycles provide info abt tide movements

Question 19

what is innate behaviour

Answer 19

behaviour that is genetically hardwired in an organism and can be preformed in response to a cue without prior experience
- grapsing, sucking

Question 20

what is learning

Answer 20

the modification of behaviours as a result of specific experiences

Question 21

types of learning

Answer 21

impriniting
spatial
associative
cognition and problem solving
social

Question 22

what is imprinting

Answer 22

form of learning in which a very young animal fixes its attention on an object and follows it

Question 23

example of imprinting

Answer 23

a young duck sees an image moving away which gets imprinted and follows it for survival ( does not have to be the actual mother to follow)

Question 24

what is spatial learning

Answer 24

when an animal locates their nest they covered by remembering landmarks near it - mental representation of its environment.

Question 24

what is associative learning

Answer 24

making associations w experiences

Question 25

2 types of associative learning

Answer 25

classical and operant conditioning

Question 26

what is classical conditioning

Answer 26

stimulus associated w a particular outcome- food associated w a bell

Question 27

what is operant conditioning

Answer 27

trial and error learning, associations w bad tastes, smells, etc

Question 28

what is social learning

Answer 28

learning by observing behaviour of another ind.

Question 29

kinesis

Answer 29

change in activity

Question 30

taxis

Answer 30

move toward or away

Question 31

round dance with bees mean

Answer 31

food is near by

Question 32

waggle dance w bees means

Answer 32

food is distance so use sun as compass to find it

Question 33

what is altruism

Answer 33

altruistic behaviours ( alarm class) reduce an ind. chance of survival but increase the chances of another. - food calls and alarm calls

Question 34

Adaptive behavior

Answer 34

Adaptive behavior is a behavior that helps an individual achieve reproductive success, and is subject to natural selection.

Question 35

examples of adaptive behaviour

Answer 35

altruism, Camouflage etc

Question 36

Hamilton’s Rule - provided a way to measure, or quantify, the effect of altruism on fitness

Answer 36

B - Benefit, average number of extra offspring that the recipient of an altruistic act produces C - Cost, how many fewer offspring the altruist produces r - equals the fraction of genes that, on average, are shared When rB > C, natural selection favors altruism

Question 37

Game Theory

Answer 37

Method to evaluate alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all individuals involved

Question 38

Communication= transmission and reception of signals between animals and can either be :

Answer 38

Visual, Chemical (Pheromones), Tactile, Auditory, or a STIMULUS-RESPONSE CHAIN -response to a stim. BECOMES the new stim. for the NEXT response-

Question 39

what is Kin selection:

Answer 39

natrual selection that favours altruistic behaviours that benefits the genetic fitness of its relatives.

Question 40

inclusive fitness

Answer 40

inclusive fitness is a method of measuring evolutionary success. It is the ability of an individual to transmit genes to the next generation