ch 42

Question 1

a circulatory system has

Answer 1

circulatory fluid
set of interconnecting vessels
a muscular pump, the heart

Question 2

organisms w no circulatory system contain a

Answer 2

gastrovascular cavity

Question 3

what is an open circulatory system

Answer 3

has circulatory fluid ( hemolymph) that surrounds organs
contraction of heart pumps the hemolymph through circulatory vessels

Question 4

advantages of an open circulatory system

Answer 4

use less energy, not prone to issues

Question 5

examples of those with an open circulatory system

Answer 5

anthropods, grasshoppers, clams

Question 6

closed circulatory system

Answer 6

circulatory fluid ( blood) is enclosed within vessels

Question 7

advantages of closed system

Answer 7

allows to get bigger, many diff types of cells

Question 8

in mammals the circulatory system carries_ to all parts of the body

Answer 8

oxygen rich blood

Question 9

arteries carry

Answer 9

blood from heart to capillaries

Question 10

veins carry

Answer 10

blood from capillaries to heart

Question 11

what is single circulation

Answer 11

in sharks, bony fishes, etc blood travels through the body and returns to its starting point in a single circuit

Question 12

what is double circulation

Answer 12

amphibians, reptiles and mammals have two circuits of blood flow called double circulation

Question 13

what are the two circuits in double circulation

Answer 13

pulmonary and systemic

Question 14

pulmonary circuit is the

Answer 14

flow of blood between heart and lungs

Question 15

the right ventricle in pulmonary circuit carries

Answer 15

carries oxygen poor blood

Question 16

systemic circuit is the

Answer 16

flow of oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle of heart to the rest of the body through the aorta

Question 17

diastole =

Answer 17

relaxtion

Question 18

systole =

Answer 18

contraction

Question 19

what do the heart sounds lub dub mean

Answer 19

lub= av valves closed
dub = semilunar valves closed

Question 20

what is a heart murmur

Answer 20

blood squirting backwards through a defective valve producing an abnormal sound

Question 21

how is heart rhythm maintained

Answer 21

cluster of cells called the sinoatrial node act as a pacemaker, setting the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscles cells contract

Question 22

what happens if SA node fails

Answer 22

there are backup nodes and artificial pacemakers

Question 23

what is the sympathetic system

Answer 23

it increases heart rate due to norepinephrine and epirphire

Question 24

what is the parasympathetic system

Answer 24

decreases heart rate due to acctylchdine

Question 25

where is blood velocity slowest in

Answer 25

the capillaries

Question 26

why is blood velocity slow in the capillaries

Answer 26

bcsthere is a lot of area for exchange

Question 27

Blood pressure is highest in the _ and lowest in the _

Answer 27

arteries, veins

Question 28

all blood vessels have an inner epithelial lining called the

Answer 28

endothelium

Question 29

why are capillary walls very thin?

Answer 29

to enhance rate of exchange

Question 30

what 2 mechanisms help regulate blood flow in capillaries

Answer 30

arteriole and sphincters

Question 31

what makes it hard for dinasours to lift their necks

Answer 31

they would need abt 760 mm hg to fully raise it, which is not possible due to their limites heart size

Question 33

what is the Lymph Vascular System and function

Answer 33

Collects excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood, passes through lymph nodes

Question 34

If too much liquid leaves capillaries what happenes

Answer 34

edema

Question 35

what is edema

Answer 35

swelling due to excess fluid accumulation in tissues

Question 36

Cerebral edema

Answer 36

brain

Question 37

Pulmonary edema

Answer 37

lungs

Question 38

Peripheral edema

Answer 38

legs

Question 39

what is Elephantiasis

Answer 39

parasitic worms block lymph nodes, prevent drainage - results in thickening of skin and underlying tissues

Question 40

basophils cause

Answer 40

inflammation

Question 42

lymphoctyes help

Answer 42

immune defense

Question 43

function of Platelets

Answer 43

Appropriate clotting response to injury

Question 44

what is Atherosclerosis

Answer 44

Formation of plaques in the walls of arteries

Question 45

How does atherosclerosis contribute to heart attacks and strokes?

Answer 45

Plaque can limit blood flow to vital organs

Question 46

what is (thrombosis)

Answer 46

Large clots may block blood flow

Question 47

what is (embolism)

Answer 47

Smaller clots may break free to lodge downstream

Question 48

what is a Stroke

Answer 48

death of nervous system

Question 49

what is Countercurrent Exchange

Answer 49

Water and blood travel in opposite directions through gills

Question 50

what is Respiration

Answer 50

Gas exchange across moist skin is limited by surface:volume – increases surface area created by making folds (e.g., gills)

Question 51

resting heart rate is

Answer 51

60-100

Question 52

a gas always undergoes net diffusion from a region of _ to _

Answer 52

HIGHER pp, to LOWER pp