ch 29

Question 1

What are the closest relatives of plants?

Answer 1

Green algae also called charophytes

Question 2

But how do we know? what evidence do we have of angal ancestry

Answer 2

1) both multicellular
2) eukaryotic
3) photosynthetic autotrophs
4) cell wall made of cellulose

Question 3

what are Photosynthetic autotrophs

Answer 3

capture light energy from the sun and absorb carbon dioxide and water from their environment.

Question 4

How did plants migrate from water to land?

Answer 4

Many species of charophyte algae inhabited shallow waters around the edges of ponds and lakes, but then were subject to occasional drying. In such environments, natural selection favoured individual algae that could survive periods when they are not submerged. accumulation of such traits enabled the first plants to live on land

Question 5

One Key Adaptation for Life on Land?

Answer 5

Sporopellenin:
* Durable polymer that prevents zygote
dehydration in charophytes
* Similar to modern casing of plant spores

Question 6

what are the advantages of moving onto land?

Answer 6

fewer herbivores, parasites and competitors
increased sunlight
more CO2
rich in mineral nutrients

Question 7

disadvantages of moving onto land

Answer 7

• gravity- goes against structural support- like a jellyfish
• scarcity of water
• envirnomental fluctuations

Question 8

How do plants enable other life forms to survive on land

Answer 8

• plants supply oxygen and are a key source of food for terrestrial animals
• sources of medicines and recreationals like caffeine

Question 9

Overtime, early plants gave rise to a rich diversity of plants, what are the categories?

Answer 9

non vascular plants
Vascular plants: seedless vascular plants and seed plants
seed plants- gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 10

What types of land plants are monophyletic

Answer 10

seed plants

Question 11

How did diversity take place?

Answer 11

several adaptions occured that facilitated survival and reproduction on drylands emerged after plants diverged from algal relatives.
there are 5 main adaptations.

Question 12

what is the first derived trait and what is it?

Answer 12

Alternation of generations, the alternation between 2 multicellular generations

Question 13

What are the 2 multicellular generations

Answer 13

1) gametophyte generation ( haploid)
2 sporophyte generation (diploid)

Question 14

How do spores develop into gametophytes

Answer 14

1) gamete produces haploid gametes by mitosis
2) two gametes unite and form a diploid zygote
3) the zygote develops into a multicellular diploid sporophyte
4) the sporophyte produces unicellular haploid spores by mitosis
5) the spores develop into multicellular haploid gametophytes

Question 15

what is the 2nd derived trait?

Answer 15

Multicellular, dependent embryos
- the embryo depends on the parent- thus why plants are called embryophytes

Question 16

what is the 3rd derived trait?

Answer 16

walled spores produced in sporangia

Question 17

what is sporangia

Answer 17

where the sporophyte produces spores
the sporopollenin of spore walls helps when the organism is in harsh enviornments

Question 18

what is the 4th derived trait?

Answer 18

multicellular gametangia
gametes are produced in the gametangia
egg is fertilized in the archegonium

Question 19

what is the 5th derived trait?

Answer 19

apical meristems
have repeated cell division, allowing for continual growth in length by the plant

Question 20

What do secondary compounds help with

Answer 20

help protect against herbivory parasites and pathogens

Question 21

Terpenes/terpenaoids are the largest group of secondary metabolities t/f

Answer 21

t

Question 22

What are shared characteristics of seed plants

Answer 22

1) reduced gametophytes
2) heterosphory ( 2 types of spores)
3) ovules and egg production
4) pollen and sperm production

Question 23

what are the two types of spores

Answer 23

1) megasporangia - female
2) microsporangia- male

Question 24

What are angiosperms

Answer 24

seed plants that produce flowers and fruits

Question 25

Evolution of angiosperms is impacted by_

Answer 25

pollinators- animlas, birds, wind
and herbivores

Question 26

Threats to Plant Biodiversity

Answer 26

deforstation and invasive herbivores and pathogens

Question 27

Ferns, on the other hand, are
homosporous. They produce one kind of
spore, which usually produces a bisexual
gametophyte. Ferns are not seed plants

Question 28

what is the stomata

Answer 28

allow for gas exchange

Question 29

mycorrhizae

Answer 29

help acquire nutrients

Question 30

xylem

Answer 30

dead and hollowm h20 conducting

Question 31

phloem

Answer 31

living, sugar conducting