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BIO 1202 > ch 41 > Flashcards

ch 41 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do we eat

A

food is a source of major nutrients and energy

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2
Q

an animals diet must supply/consist of what 3 needs

A

1) chemical energy for cellular process
2) organic building blocks for macromolecules
3) essential nutrients

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3
Q

chemical energy is converted into

A

ATP

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4
Q

What does ATP do

A

powers dna replication, cell division, flight and vision

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5
Q

what food is needed to build complex molecules to reproduce and grow

A

organic carbon (sugar) and nitrogen ( protein)

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6
Q

what do essential nutrients consist of

A

amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals

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7
Q

How do animals obtain essential nutriets

A

feeding on plants or other animals

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8
Q

all animals require a standard set of _ amino acids

A

20 amino acids

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9
Q

How many amino acids are considered essential

A

9, bcs the body cannot produce them

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10
Q

animals products are considered

A

complete, bcs they provide all 9 essential amino acids

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11
Q

plant products are considered

A

incomplete, bcs they lack 1 or more essential AAs

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12
Q

fats can be

A

saturated, unsaturated, or trans saturated

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13
Q

fatty acids are an important source of

A

energy and play a role in cell membrane structure and function

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14
Q

– essential fatty acids are those with

A

double bonds at certain
locations (we lack the enzymes to produce these)

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15
Q

Saturated & Trans Fats increase

A

chances of developing heart disease

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16
Q

what is diabetes mellitus

A

insulin deficiency or decreased insulin response in target issues

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17
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

insulin dependent/ juvenile onset
autoimmune

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18
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

non insulin dependent
adult onset
target cells dont respond properly to insulin

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19
Q

what are minerals

A

organic molecules that our body needs to obtain from food

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20
Q

what are vitamins

A

organic micronutrients needed in small amounts

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21
Q

which vitamins are water soluble

A

b and C

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22
Q

which vitamins are fat soluble

A

A and D

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23
Q

4 types of food processing

A

ingestion, digestion, absoprtion, elimination

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24
Q

ingestion

A

act of eating or feeding

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25
Q

substrate feeders ( ingestion)

A

animals that live in or on their food source
- maggots, larvae, caterpillars, etc

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26
Q

fluid feeders

A

suck nutrients from living hosts
- bees, mosquitos, hummingbirds

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27
Q

bulk feeders

A

eat relatively large pieces of food
w/teeth or body
- humans, snakes, etc

28
Q

suspension feeders

A
  • strain small organisms or food particles
  • whales, sponges, krill
29
Q

what is digestion

A

its broken down into molecules small enough for the body to absorbs
- chemical and mechanical

30
Q

why is chemical digestion necessary

A

because animals cannot directly use nucleic acids, fats, and carbohydrates
it is too large to pass through cell membranes so it must be broken down

31
Q

how does chemical digestion break down the large molecules

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

32
Q

What does enzymatic hydrolysis break down

A

a process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones with help of enzymes

33
Q

what are enzymes

A

macromolecules that act as catalysts, speed up chemical reactions w/o being consumed by the reaction

34
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

a reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule

35
Q

what is absoprtion

A

animal’s cells take up ( absorb) small molecules such as
- amino acids and simple sugars

36
Q

what is elimination

A

undigested material passes out of digestive system

37
Q

how are animals able to digest food without digesting their own cells and tissues

A

specialized intra and extracellular compartments

38
Q

intracellular digestion

A

breaking down food inside of vacuoles
vacuoles fuse w/ lysosomes

39
Q

extracellular digestion

A

breakdown of food in compartments connected to outside the animal
allows for consumption of larger items

40
Q

animals with relatively simple body plans typically have a_

A

gastrovascular cavity - single opening

41
Q

animals with complex body plans have a_

A

alimentary canal

42
Q

u can ingest food while earlier meals are still being digested with

A

alimentary canal

43
Q

saliva functions

A

begins chemical digestion of carbs
lubricate passage of food
contains amylase

44
Q

tongue functions

A

taste
determines if food needs more processing
shapes food into a bolus
pushes bolux to pharynx

45
Q

whatis the epiglottis

A

muscular tube that connects to stomach

46
Q

food is pushed along by

A

peristalsis

47
Q

2 major roles in digestion

A

storage and process food into liquid suspension

48
Q

the stomach secretes a digestive fluid called _ & mixes it with the food creating _

A

gastric juice, chyme

49
Q

HCl is a stomach secretions, what does it do

A

allows unfolding of pepsinogen so it can autocleave to pepsin

50
Q

how doesnt HCl and pepsin burn through lining of stomach

A

1_ mucus
2) new epithelium every 3 days

51
Q

what is acid reflux

A

sphincter failure, chyme from stomach into esophagus

52
Q

what does pepsin do

A

break down proteins

53
Q

Herbivores & omnivores have
longer alimentary canal T/F

A

true

54
Q

Ghrelin horomone

A

increases hunger

55
Q

what does Insulin do

A

– counteracts a Rise in blood sugar by lowering it

56
Q

Leptin

A

– Produced by adipose fat
– Suppresses appetite

57
Q

PYY

A

– Appetite suppressant, counters ghrelin

58
Q

Large Intestine function

A

Unabsorbed
materials empty into
the colon (large
intestine)

59
Q

Absorption of Fats goes where

A

Fats don’t go to hepatic portal vein – instead directly to lymphatic system

60
Q

Hepatic Portal System function

A

Transports blood from the intestines directly to the liver

61
Q

Ruminant stomach process

A

Food enters 1st & 2nd
chambers
Bacteria and protists digest cellulose
* Cud is periodically regurgitated
* Cud passes through 3rd
chamber
* Cud enters 4th chamber to small intestine

62
Q

name all chambers of ruminant stomach

A

1= rumen
2= reticulum
3= omasum
4= abomasum

63
Q

What are the advantages of a
ruminant stomach?

A

Digestion of cellulose
✓ Fast ingestion
✓ Nutrients from bacteria & protists

64
Q

Foregut fermenters

A

digestion that occurs in the foregut of some animals
have symbiotic bacteria

65
Q

Hindgut fermenters

A

occurs in the digestive organs that follow the small intestine: the large intestine and cecum

BIO 1202 (19 decks)

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