ch 41

Question 1

Why do we eat

Answer 1

food is a source of major nutrients and energy

Question 2

an animals diet must supply/consist of what 3 needs

Answer 2

1) chemical energy for cellular process
2) organic building blocks for macromolecules
3) essential nutrients

Question 3

chemical energy is converted into

Answer 3

ATP

Question 4

What does ATP do

Answer 4

powers dna replication, cell division, flight and vision

Question 5

what food is needed to build complex molecules to reproduce and grow

Answer 5

organic carbon (sugar) and nitrogen ( protein)

Question 6

what do essential nutrients consist of

Answer 6

amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals

Question 7

How do animals obtain essential nutriets

Answer 7

feeding on plants or other animals

Question 8

all animals require a standard set of _ amino acids

Answer 8

20 amino acids

Question 9

How many amino acids are considered essential

Answer 9

9, bcs the body cannot produce them

Question 10

animals products are considered

Answer 10

complete, bcs they provide all 9 essential amino acids

Question 11

plant products are considered

Answer 11

incomplete, bcs they lack 1 or more essential AAs

Question 12

fats can be

Answer 12

saturated, unsaturated, or trans saturated

Question 13

fatty acids are an important source of

Answer 13

energy and play a role in cell membrane structure and function

Question 14

– essential fatty acids are those with

Answer 14

double bonds at certain
locations (we lack the enzymes to produce these)

Question 15

Saturated & Trans Fats increase

Answer 15

chances of developing heart disease

Question 16

what is diabetes mellitus

Answer 16

insulin deficiency or decreased insulin response in target issues

Question 17

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 17

insulin dependent/ juvenile onset
autoimmune

Question 18

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 18

non insulin dependent
adult onset
target cells dont respond properly to insulin

Question 19

what are minerals

Answer 19

organic molecules that our body needs to obtain from food

Question 20

what are vitamins

Answer 20

organic micronutrients needed in small amounts

Question 21

which vitamins are water soluble

Answer 21

b and C

Question 22

which vitamins are fat soluble

Answer 22

A and D

Question 23

4 types of food processing

Answer 23

ingestion, digestion, absoprtion, elimination

Question 24

ingestion

Answer 24

act of eating or feeding

Question 25

substrate feeders ( ingestion)

Answer 25

animals that live in or on their food source - maggots, larvae, caterpillars, etc

Question 26

fluid feeders

Answer 26

suck nutrients from living hosts - bees, mosquitos, hummingbirds

Question 27

bulk feeders

Answer 27

eat relatively large pieces of food w/teeth or body - humans, snakes, etc

Question 28

suspension feeders

Answer 28

- strain small organisms or food particles - whales, sponges, krill

Question 29

what is digestion

Answer 29

its broken down into molecules small enough for the body to absorbs - chemical and mechanical

Question 30

why is chemical digestion necessary

Answer 30

because animals cannot directly use nucleic acids, fats, and carbohydrates it is too large to pass through cell membranes so it must be broken down

Question 31

how does chemical digestion break down the large molecules

Answer 31

enzymatic hydrolysis

Question 32

What does enzymatic hydrolysis break down

Answer 32

a process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones with help of enzymes

Question 33

what are enzymes

Answer 33

macromolecules that act as catalysts, speed up chemical reactions w/o being consumed by the reaction

Question 34

what is hydrolysis

Answer 34

a reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule

Question 35

what is absoprtion

Answer 35

animal's cells take up ( absorb) small molecules such as - amino acids and simple sugars

Question 36

what is elimination

Answer 36

undigested material passes out of digestive system

Question 37

how are animals able to digest food without digesting their own cells and tissues

Answer 37

specialized intra and extracellular compartments

Question 38

intracellular digestion

Answer 38

breaking down food inside of vacuoles vacuoles fuse w/ lysosomes

Question 39

extracellular digestion

Answer 39

breakdown of food in compartments connected to outside the animal allows for consumption of larger items

Question 40

animals with relatively simple body plans typically have a_

Answer 40

gastrovascular cavity - single opening

Question 41

animals with complex body plans have a_

Answer 41

alimentary canal

Question 42

u can ingest food while earlier meals are still being digested with

Answer 42

alimentary canal

Question 43

saliva functions

Answer 43

begins chemical digestion of carbs lubricate passage of food contains amylase

Question 44

tongue functions

Answer 44

taste determines if food needs more processing shapes food into a bolus pushes bolux to pharynx

Question 45

whatis the epiglottis

Answer 45

muscular tube that connects to stomach

Question 46

food is pushed along by

Answer 46

peristalsis

Question 47

2 major roles in digestion

Answer 47

storage and process food into liquid suspension

Question 48

the stomach secretes a digestive fluid called _ & mixes it with the food creating _

Answer 48

gastric juice, chyme

Question 49

HCl is a stomach secretions, what does it do

Answer 49

allows unfolding of pepsinogen so it can autocleave to pepsin

Question 50

how doesnt HCl and pepsin burn through lining of stomach

Answer 50

1_ mucus 2) new epithelium every 3 days

Question 51

what is acid reflux

Answer 51

sphincter failure, chyme from stomach into esophagus

Question 52

what does pepsin do

Answer 52

break down proteins

Question 53

Herbivores & omnivores have longer alimentary canal T/F

Answer 53

true

Question 54

Ghrelin horomone

Answer 54

increases hunger

Question 55

what does Insulin do

Answer 55

– counteracts a Rise in blood sugar by lowering it

Question 56

Leptin

Answer 56

– Produced by adipose fat – Suppresses appetite

Question 57

PYY

Answer 57

– Appetite suppressant, counters ghrelin

Question 58

Large Intestine function

Answer 58

Unabsorbed materials empty into the colon (large intestine)

Question 59

Absorption of Fats goes where

Answer 59

Fats don’t go to hepatic portal vein – instead directly to lymphatic system

Question 60

Hepatic Portal System function

Answer 60

Transports blood from the intestines directly to the liver

Question 61

Ruminant stomach process

Answer 61

Food enters 1st & 2nd chambers Bacteria and protists digest cellulose * Cud is periodically regurgitated * Cud passes through 3rd chamber * Cud enters 4th chamber to small intestine

Question 62

name all chambers of ruminant stomach

Answer 62

1= rumen 2= reticulum 3= omasum 4= abomasum

Question 63

What are the advantages of a ruminant stomach?

Answer 63

Digestion of cellulose ✓ Fast ingestion ✓ Nutrients from bacteria & protists

Question 64

Foregut fermenters

Answer 64

digestion that occurs in the foregut of some animals have symbiotic bacteria

Question 65

Hindgut fermenters

Answer 65

occurs in the digestive organs that follow the small intestine: the large intestine and cecum