chapter 5 vocab Flashcards
urinary tract
24-hour urine collection test
a diagnostic procedure where all urine output is collected over a 24-hour period to analyze components such as protein, creatinine, and other substances for evaluating kidney function
acute kidney failure (ARF)
a rapid loss of kidney function, often within 2 days, due to various causes such as decreased blood flow to the kidneys, infections, and blockages
anuria
The absence of urine output, often seen in severe kidney failure, defined as less than 50 mL of urine over a 24-hour period
bladder
A muscular sac in the pelvis that stores urine from the kidneys before it is expelled from the body
bladder scan
A non-invasive, portable medical device using ultrasound technology to estimate the volume of urine in the bladder
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
A laboratory test measuring the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood, providing information about kidney and liver function.
chronic kidney disease (CKD)
A long-term condition where the kidneys progressively lose their ability to filter and eliminate waste products and excess fluids from the body
computed tomography scan of the kidney (CT)
An imaging procedure using X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of the kidneys
creatinine
A waste product from muscle metabolism, normally filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine, used to measure kidney function
cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder, usually due to a urinary tract infection, causing symptoms like pain and increased urge to urinatey
cystoscopy
A diagnostic procedure where a cystoscope is used to visually examine the interior of the bladder and urethra
deamination
The removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other
compound, which occurs in the liver and forms ammonia and urea
distended
Stretched out or enlarged, often used to describe the bladder or abdomen when filled with fluid or gas.
diuresis
Increased or excessive production of urine, which can occur in various medical conditions
diuretic
A substance or medication that increases the production and excretion of urine,
used to treat conditions like high blood pressure
dysuria
Painful or difficult urination, often a symptom of urinary tract infections or other
urological conditions
edema
Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body’s tissues, often seen in kidney or
heart disease
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
The final phase of chronic kidney disease
where the kidneys can no longer meet the body’s needs, requiring dialysis or transplantation
enuresis
Involuntary urination, especially common among children during the night
(nocturnal enuresis)
frequency
The need to urinate more often than usual, a symptom often associated with
urinary tract infections or bladder conditions
glomerular filtration
The process in the kidneys where blood plasma is filtered through the glomeruli, allowing waste products and excess substances to be excreted while
retaining necessary components
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
A measure of how well the kidneys filter waste from the blood, used as an indicator of kidney function.
glomerulonephritis
An inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, affecting their ability to filter blood properly, often leading to kidney damage
glomerulus
A network of tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that are involved in the
filtration process to form urine
hematuria
The presence of blood in the urine, which can be a sign of various urinary tract or kidney conditions
hemodialysis
A medical procedure where a machine filters waste and excess fluids
from the blood, used in cases of kidney failure
hydronephrosis
Swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine, often caused by
obstruction in the urinary tract
hydrostatic
Pertaining to the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest
hyperkalemia
An abnormally high level of potassium in the blood, which can
occur in kidney disease or from other causes
incontinence
The inability to control urination or defecation, leading to involuntary
loss of urine or feces
indwelling catheter
A type of urinary catheter that remains inside the bladder for continuous urine drainage
intermittent catheterization
A method of urinary
catheterization where a catheter is temporarily inserted into the bladder to drain urine and then removed
intravenous pyelogram
An imaging test where a contrast dye is
injected into a vein and X-rays are taken to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
kidneys
A pair of organs in the urinary system responsible for filtering waste products and
excess substances from the blood to form urine
kidney transplant
A surgical procedure to replace a diseased kidney with a
healthy one from a donor
lithotripsy
A medical procedure that uses shock waves or other means to break up stones in the kidney, bladder, or ureters
micturate
To urinate or pass urine
nephrolithiasis
The presence of stones (calculi) in the kidney
nephrolithotomy
A surgical procedure to remove stones from the kidney
nephrologist
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney
diseases. Nephrologists manage various conditions related to kidney function, including chronic kidney
disease, kidney infections, kidney stones, and hypertension related to kidney problems
nephrology
Study of the physiology and diseases of the kidneys
nephron
The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering and excreting waste
products from the blood
nephroscope
An instrument used in surgery to visualize the interior of the kidney,
particularly in procedures involving kidney stones
nocturia
The need to wake up and urinate frequently during the night
oliguria
The production of abnormally small amounts of urine, often indicative of kidney
dysfunction or dehydration
oncotic pressure
The form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, particularly albumin, in the blood plasma or other solutions
osmosis
The movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a
region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration
partial nephrectomy
A surgical procedure to remove a portion of the kidney, typically done to treat kidney cancer while preserving kidney function
peritoneal dialysis
A form of dialysis where the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) acts as a filter to remove waste from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
A genetic disorder characterized by
the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys, often leading to kidney failure
polyuria
The production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine, often a symptom of
conditions like diabetes
post-void residual
The amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination,
as measured for diagnostic purposes
pyelonephritis
A type of urinary tract infection where one or both kidneys become
infected and inflamed
pyuria
The presence of white blood cells in the urine, indicating an infection in the urinary tract
radical nephrectomy
A surgical procedure to remove the entire kidney, along with the adrenal gland, surrounding tissue, and often nearby lymph nodes, usually for cancer treatment
renal
Pertaining to the kidneys
renal calculus
Another term for a kidney stone
renal transplant
Surgical procedure to place a functioning kidney from a donor
into a person with end-stage renal disease
retrograde pyelography
A type of X-ray examination of the upper urinary tract, including the kidneys and ureters, typically performed during a cystoscopy
sepsis
A life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to an infection causes
injury to its own tissues and organs. Sepsis can lead to significant health complications or death, especially
if not recognized early and treated promptly. It often presents with fever, increased heart rate, increased
breathing rate, and confusion
simple nephrectomy
A surgical procedure to remove a kidney, typically for conditions like severe damage or cancer
sphincter
Circular muscles that constrict and close a natural body passage; in the urinary system, they control the release of urine from the bladder
stress urinary incontinence
Involuntary leakage of urine during
activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, or exercising
stricture
A narrowing of a tube or passage in the body, such as the urethra, often leading to restricted flow of fluids like urine.
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
A surgical procedure to remove part of the prostate gland to treat urinary problems
urea
A nitrogenous compound produced in the liver as a waste product from the breakdown of
proteins, excreted in the urine
ureter
A tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
ureteroscopy
A procedure using a ureteroscope to examine or treat disorders of the
urinary tract, especially the ureters and kidneys
urethra
The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
urgency
A sudden, compelling need to urinate, often a symptom of urinary tract infections or
overactive bladder
urinal
A receptacle or device for collecting urine, especially in healthcare settings
urinalysis
A test of the urine involving physical, chemical, and microscopic
examination to detect disorders or diseases
urinary
Relating to urine or the organs of the urinary system
urinary catheterization
The process of inserting a catheter into the
bladder through the urethra for the purpose of draining urine
urinary incontinence
The inability to control urination, resulting in
involuntary leakage of urine
urinary retention
The inability to empty the bladder completely, resulting
in accumulation of urine
urinary tract
The system of organs that produce, store, and eliminate urine,
including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
urinary tract infection (UTI)
An infection in any part of the urinary
system, most commonly the bladder and urethra
urinate
The act of passing urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
urine culture and sensitivity (C & S)
A laboratory test to
identify the bacteria causing a urinary tract infection and determine the most effective antibiotics for
treatment
urine dip
A quick, initial screening test using a dipstick to detect abnormalities in urine, such as the presence of blood, protein, or signs of infection
urodynamic flow testing
A series of diagnostic tests that assess the
function of the bladder and urethra, specifically focusing on urine storage and release
urologist
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders
of the urinary system and male reproductive organs
urology
Study of the male and female urinary systems as well as the male reproductive
system
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
A condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters and sometimes the kidneys, potentially leading to kidney
damage
void
To empty the bladder; to urinate
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
A medical imaging test used
to examine the bladder and urethra while the bladder fills and empties. The test involves the insertion of a catheter into the bladder, through which a contrast dye is introduced, followed by X-ray imaging. VCUG is
often used to diagnose issues like bladder and urethral dysfunction, vesicoureteral reflux, and urinary tract
obstructions, especially in children
