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chapter 5 vocab Flashcards

urinary tract

1
Q

24-hour urine collection test

A

a diagnostic procedure where all urine output is collected over a 24-hour period to analyze components such as protein, creatinine, and other substances for evaluating kidney function

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2
Q

acute kidney failure (ARF)

A

a rapid loss of kidney function, often within 2 days, due to various causes such as decreased blood flow to the kidneys, infections, and blockages

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3
Q

anuria

A

The absence of urine output, often seen in severe kidney failure, defined as less than 50 mL of urine over a 24-hour period

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4
Q

bladder

A

A muscular sac in the pelvis that stores urine from the kidneys before it is expelled from the body

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5
Q

bladder scan

A

A non-invasive, portable medical device using ultrasound technology to estimate the volume of urine in the bladder

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6
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

A laboratory test measuring the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood, providing information about kidney and liver function.

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7
Q

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

A

A long-term condition where the kidneys progressively lose their ability to filter and eliminate waste products and excess fluids from the body

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8
Q

computed tomography scan of the kidney (CT)

A

An imaging procedure using X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of the kidneys

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9
Q

creatinine

A

A waste product from muscle metabolism, normally filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine, used to measure kidney function

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10
Q

cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder, usually due to a urinary tract infection, causing symptoms like pain and increased urge to urinatey

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11
Q

cystoscopy

A

A diagnostic procedure where a cystoscope is used to visually examine the interior of the bladder and urethra

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12
Q

deamination

A

The removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other
compound, which occurs in the liver and forms ammonia and urea

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13
Q

distended

A

Stretched out or enlarged, often used to describe the bladder or abdomen when filled with fluid or gas.

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14
Q

diuresis

A

Increased or excessive production of urine, which can occur in various medical conditions

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15
Q

diuretic

A

A substance or medication that increases the production and excretion of urine,
used to treat conditions like high blood pressure

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16
Q

dysuria

A

Painful or difficult urination, often a symptom of urinary tract infections or other
urological conditions

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17
Q

edema

A

Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body’s tissues, often seen in kidney or
heart disease

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18
Q

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A

The final phase of chronic kidney disease
where the kidneys can no longer meet the body’s needs, requiring dialysis or transplantation

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19
Q

enuresis

A

Involuntary urination, especially common among children during the night
(nocturnal enuresis)

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20
Q

frequency

A

The need to urinate more often than usual, a symptom often associated with
urinary tract infections or bladder conditions

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21
Q

glomerular filtration

A

The process in the kidneys where blood plasma is filtered through the glomeruli, allowing waste products and excess substances to be excreted while
retaining necessary components

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22
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

A measure of how well the kidneys filter waste from the blood, used as an indicator of kidney function.

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23
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

An inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, affecting their ability to filter blood properly, often leading to kidney damage

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24
Q

glomerulus

A

A network of tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that are involved in the
filtration process to form urine

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25
hematuria
The presence of blood in the urine, which can be a sign of various urinary tract or kidney conditions
26
hemodialysis
A medical procedure where a machine filters waste and excess fluids from the blood, used in cases of kidney failure
27
hydronephrosis
Swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine, often caused by obstruction in the urinary tract
28
hydrostatic
Pertaining to the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest
29
hyperkalemia
An abnormally high level of potassium in the blood, which can occur in kidney disease or from other causes
30
incontinence
The inability to control urination or defecation, leading to involuntary loss of urine or feces
31
indwelling catheter
A type of urinary catheter that remains inside the bladder for continuous urine drainage
32
intermittent catheterization
A method of urinary catheterization where a catheter is temporarily inserted into the bladder to drain urine and then removed
33
intravenous pyelogram
An imaging test where a contrast dye is injected into a vein and X-rays are taken to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
34
kidneys
A pair of organs in the urinary system responsible for filtering waste products and excess substances from the blood to form urine
35
kidney transplant
A surgical procedure to replace a diseased kidney with a healthy one from a donor
36
lithotripsy
A medical procedure that uses shock waves or other means to break up stones in the kidney, bladder, or ureters
37
micturate
To urinate or pass urine
38
nephrolithiasis
The presence of stones (calculi) in the kidney
39
nephrolithotomy
A surgical procedure to remove stones from the kidney
40
nephrologist
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. Nephrologists manage various conditions related to kidney function, including chronic kidney disease, kidney infections, kidney stones, and hypertension related to kidney problems
41
nephrology
Study of the physiology and diseases of the kidneys
42
nephron
The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering and excreting waste products from the blood
43
nephroscope
An instrument used in surgery to visualize the interior of the kidney, particularly in procedures involving kidney stones
44
nocturia
The need to wake up and urinate frequently during the night
45
oliguria
The production of abnormally small amounts of urine, often indicative of kidney dysfunction or dehydration
46
oncotic pressure
The form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, particularly albumin, in the blood plasma or other solutions
47
osmosis
The movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration
48
partial nephrectomy
A surgical procedure to remove a portion of the kidney, typically done to treat kidney cancer while preserving kidney function
49
peritoneal dialysis
A form of dialysis where the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) acts as a filter to remove waste from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly
50
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
A genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys, often leading to kidney failure
51
polyuria
The production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine, often a symptom of conditions like diabetes
52
post-void residual
The amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination, as measured for diagnostic purposes
53
pyelonephritis
A type of urinary tract infection where one or both kidneys become infected and inflamed
54
pyuria
The presence of white blood cells in the urine, indicating an infection in the urinary tract
55
radical nephrectomy
A surgical procedure to remove the entire kidney, along with the adrenal gland, surrounding tissue, and often nearby lymph nodes, usually for cancer treatment
56
renal
Pertaining to the kidneys
57
renal calculus
Another term for a kidney stone
58
renal transplant
Surgical procedure to place a functioning kidney from a donor into a person with end-stage renal disease
59
retrograde pyelography
A type of X-ray examination of the upper urinary tract, including the kidneys and ureters, typically performed during a cystoscopy
60
sepsis
A life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to an infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. Sepsis can lead to significant health complications or death, especially if not recognized early and treated promptly. It often presents with fever, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, and confusion
61
simple nephrectomy
A surgical procedure to remove a kidney, typically for conditions like severe damage or cancer
62
sphincter
Circular muscles that constrict and close a natural body passage; in the urinary system, they control the release of urine from the bladder
63
stress urinary incontinence
Involuntary leakage of urine during activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, or exercising
64
stricture
A narrowing of a tube or passage in the body, such as the urethra, often leading to restricted flow of fluids like urine.
65
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
A surgical procedure to remove part of the prostate gland to treat urinary problems
66
urea
A nitrogenous compound produced in the liver as a waste product from the breakdown of proteins, excreted in the urine
67
ureter
A tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
68
ureteroscopy
A procedure using a ureteroscope to examine or treat disorders of the urinary tract, especially the ureters and kidneys
69
urethra
The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
70
urgency
A sudden, compelling need to urinate, often a symptom of urinary tract infections or overactive bladder
71
urinal
A receptacle or device for collecting urine, especially in healthcare settings
72
urinalysis
A test of the urine involving physical, chemical, and microscopic examination to detect disorders or diseases
73
urinary
Relating to urine or the organs of the urinary system
74
urinary catheterization
The process of inserting a catheter into the bladder through the urethra for the purpose of draining urine
75
urinary incontinence
The inability to control urination, resulting in involuntary leakage of urine
76
urinary retention
The inability to empty the bladder completely, resulting in accumulation of urine
77
urinary tract
The system of organs that produce, store, and eliminate urine, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
78
urinary tract infection (UTI)
An infection in any part of the urinary system, most commonly the bladder and urethra
79
urinate
The act of passing urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
80
urine culture and sensitivity (C & S)
A laboratory test to identify the bacteria causing a urinary tract infection and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment
81
urine dip
A quick, initial screening test using a dipstick to detect abnormalities in urine, such as the presence of blood, protein, or signs of infection
82
urodynamic flow testing
A series of diagnostic tests that assess the function of the bladder and urethra, specifically focusing on urine storage and release
83
urologist
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system and male reproductive organs
84
urology
Study of the male and female urinary systems as well as the male reproductive system
85
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
A condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters and sometimes the kidneys, potentially leading to kidney damage
86
void
To empty the bladder; to urinate
87
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
A medical imaging test used to examine the bladder and urethra while the bladder fills and empties. The test involves the insertion of a catheter into the bladder, through which a contrast dye is introduced, followed by X-ray imaging. VCUG is often used to diagnose issues like bladder and urethral dysfunction, vesicoureteral reflux, and urinary tract obstructions, especially in children

medical terminology (27 decks)

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