chapter 13 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton

A

forms central axis of body, includes bones of head, neck, chest, back

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2
Q

acetabulum

A

The socket of the hip bone, into which the head of the femur fits

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3
Q

acromion

A

An extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

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4
Q

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

A

A ligament in the knee joint that connects the femur to the tibia and crosses in front of the PCL that provides stability to the knee

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5
Q

arthritis

A

A general term for conditions affecting the joints and surrounding tissues, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement. It includes various types such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

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6
Q

arthrocentesis

A

A surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint, such as the knee

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7
Q

arthrodesis

A

The surgical immobilization of a joint by fusion of the adjacent bones

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8
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgical repair of a joint

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9
Q

arthroscopy

A

A common procedure performed by orthopedic surgeons to view the inside of a joint to diagnose and/or to repair joint problems

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10
Q

articular disks

A

Fibrocartilage structures in some synovial joints that act as cushions and improve the fit between the bones

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11
Q

below-the-knee amputation (BKA)

A

A procedure performed by an orthopedic surgeon who removes the foot, ankle, part of the tibia, fibula, and corresponding soft tissue structures

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12
Q

body of sternum

A

the middle portion of the sternum

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13
Q

bone mineral density

A

A test that measures calcium and other minerals in bone

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14
Q

bursa

A

A small fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a bone and other moving parts, such as muscles, tendons, or skin

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15
Q

bursectomy

A

surgical removal of a bursa

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16
Q

bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa, usually occurring in the knee, elbow, or shoulder

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17
Q

calcaneus

A

the heel bone

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18
Q

calcium

A

A mineral essential for developing and maintaining healthy bones and teeth

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19
Q

carpals

A

the bones of the wrist

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20
Q

cartilage

A

A resilient and smooth elastic tissue that covers and protects the ends of bones at joints

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21
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

Joints where bones are connected by cartilage, allowing more movement than fibrous joints but less than synovial joints

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22
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

Pertaining to the neck or the cervical vertebrae in the neck region

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23
Q

clavicle

A

The collarbone, a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum

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24
Q

closed or simple fracture

A

A type of bone fracture where the skin over the fracture site remains intact, and the bone does not pierce through the skin

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25
Q

coccyx

A

The tailbone, formed by the fusion of coccygeal vertebrae

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26
Q

comminuted fracture

A

a bone is crushed into pieces

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27
Q

cranioplasty

A

surgical repair of the skull

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28
Q

craniotomy

A

A surgical procedure involving an incision through the cranium to access the brain

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29
Q

cranium

A

The skull, especially the part encasing the brain

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30
Q

crepitus

A

Describes a popping, clicking, or crackling sound when moving a joint that is associated with osteoarthritis. It typically reflects air movement in the joint and is harmless

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31
Q

DEXA scan

A

Shortened name for a central dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. These scans use radiation to measure how much calcium and other minerals are in a specific area of the bone

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32
Q

diskectomy

A

Surgical removal of an intervertebral disk

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33
Q

diskitis

A

Inflammation of an intervertebral disk

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34
Q

dislocation

A

A condition where the bones in a joint become displaced from their normal alignment

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35
Q

Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO)

A

A medical specialist who uses a whole-person approach to help prevent illness and injury by looking beyond symptoms to understand how lifestyle and environmental factors impact a person’s well-being. They practice medicine according to science and technology, but also consider options to complement medications and surgery

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36
Q

ethmoid

A

Related to the ethmoid bone, located between the eyes and forming part of the nasal cavity

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37
Q

false ribs

A

Ribs 8-10, which are connected to the sternum via cartilage

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38
Q

femur

A

The thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body

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39
Q

fibrous joints

A

Joints where bones are joined by fibrous tissue, typically allowing very little movement

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40
Q

fibula

A

The smaller and thinner bone of the lower leg located on the lateral side

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41
Q

floating ribs

A

The last two pairs of ribs, which are not attached to the sternum

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42
Q

fracture

A

A medical condition where there is a break in the continuity of the bone. It can range from minor cracks to complete breaks and can occur in any bone in the body

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43
Q

frontal

A

Pertaining to the forehead or the frontal bone of the skull

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44
Q

gout

A

A type of inflammatory arthritis that causes pain and swelling in the joints, usually as flares that last for one or two weeks and then resolve. Gout flares often begin in the big toe or a lower limb when high levels of serum uric acid build up in the body

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45
Q

carpal tunnel syndome

A

disorder that occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist

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46
Q

greenstick

A

Bone is partially broken, a condition that occurs in children

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47
Q

hallux

A

the big toe

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48
Q

herniated disk

A

A condition where a disk protrudes beyond the normal confines of the vertebrae

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49
Q

humerus

A

The upper arm bone, extending from the shoulder to the elbow

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50
Q

hyoid

A

A U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue

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51
Q

ilium

A

The large, broad bone forming the upper part of each half of the pelvis

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52
Q

impacted fracture

A

One fragment of the bone is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression

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53
Q

inferior conchae

A

Referring to the lowermost scroll-like bones on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

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54
Q

intercostal muscles

A

located between the ribs

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55
Q

intercostal retractions

A

The inward movement of the muscles between the ribs, typically a sign of respiratory distress

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56
Q

intervertebral disks

A

Pertaining to the space or structure between two vertebrae

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57
Q

ischium

A

The curved bone forming the base of each half of the pelvis

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58
Q

joints

A

The locations where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement or stability in the skeleton

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59
Q

kyphosis

A

An excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing a hunching of the back. It can result from degenerative diseases, developmental problems, osteoporosis, or trauma

60
Q

lacrimal

A

Related to the lacrimal bones, small bones forming part of the eye socket

61
Q

laminectomy

A

Surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral bone called the lamina

62
Q

lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

A

A ligament on the outer side of the knee joint connecting the femur to the fibula

63
Q

lateral malleolus

A

The bony prominence on the outside of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula

64
Q

ligaments

A

Bands of tough, fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones at joints

65
Q

lordosis

A

An excessive inward curvature of the spine, often affecting the lower back. It can be caused by obesity, poor posture, or other underlying conditions

66
Q

lumbar (vertebrae

A

related to the lower back or the lumbar vertebrae

67
Q

lupus

A

Common name for systemic lupus erythematosus; a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect many parts of the body

68
Q

mandible

A

the lower jawbone

69
Q

manubrium

A

the upper part of the sternum

70
Q

maxillary

A

Pertaining to the maxilla or the upper jawbone

71
Q

medical malleolus

A

The bony prominence on the inside of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia

72
Q

meniscectomy

A

Surgical removal of all or part of a torn meniscus

73
Q

meniscitis

A

Inflammation of a meniscus, typically in the knee

74
Q

meniscus

A

A C-shaped piece of cartilage in the knee joint that acts as a shock absorber between the femur and tibia

75
Q

metacarpals

A

The bones of the hand between the wrist and the fingers

76
Q

metatarsals

A

The bones in the midfoot and forefoot

77
Q

myeloma

A

A type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow

78
Q

nasal

A

Pertaining to the nasal bones of the nose

79
Q

oblique fracture

A

bone is broken at an angle

80
Q

occipital

A

Pertaining to the occipital bone at the back and base of the skull

81
Q

open or compound fracture

A

A severe type of bone fracture where the broken bone pierces through the skin, creating an open wound. This type increases the risk of infection

82
Q

open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)

A

A type of surgery used to stabilize and heal a broken bone using screws, plates, wires, or nails to reconnect bones

83
Q

spondylosyndesis

A

surgical fusion joining the vertebrae

84
Q

orthopedics

A

A branch of medicine that treats disorders and diseases related to the musculoskeletal system

85
Q

orthopedists

A

Medical doctors who specialize in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and surgery of disorders and diseases related to the musculoskeletal system

86
Q

osteoarthritis

A

A degenerative joint disease in which the tissues in the joint break down over several years. It is the most common type of arthritis and frequently occurs as people age

87
Q

osteoblasts

A

Cells that form new bone tissue

88
Q

osteoclasts

A

Cells that break down and resorb bone tissue

89
Q

osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue

90
Q

osteomalacia

A

Softening of bones due to a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium

91
Q

osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow, usually caused by infection

92
Q

osteonecrosis

A

Death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply

93
Q

osteopathy

A

A branch of medical practice that emphasizes the treatment of medical disorders through the manipulation and massage of the bones, joints, and muscles

94
Q

osteopenia

A

Reduced bone mass of lesser severity than osteoporosis

95
Q

osteoporosis

A

A condition where bones become weak and brittle, often due to loss of tissue as a result of hormonal changes or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D. It increases the risk of fractures

96
Q

osteosarcoma

A

a type of malignant bone tumor

97
Q

palatine

A

Related to the palatine bones of the skull, forming parts of the nasal cavity and hard palate

98
Q

parietal

A

Pertaining to the parietal bones of the skull, located at the sides and top of the cranium

99
Q

patella

A

The kneecap, a small bone in front of the knee joint

100
Q

pelvis

A

The large bony structure near the base of the spine which includes the two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx to which the legs are attached

101
Q

phalanges

A

The bones of the fingers and toes

102
Q

phalanx

A

A single bone of the fingers or toes

103
Q

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

A

A ligament in the knee that crosses behind the ACL and connects the femur to the tibia

104
Q

prosthesis

A

an artificial body part

105
Q

public symphysis

A

The joint between the two pubic bones at the front of the pelvis

106
Q

pubis

A

The front part of the pelvic girdle, situated at the anterior part of the pelvis

107
Q

radiologist

A

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating injuries and diseases using medical imaging (radiology) procedures such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound

108
Q

radiology technologist

A

Commonly called an X-ray tech, is a health care professional who is specially trained to perform medical imaging like X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans

109
Q

radius

A

The lateral bone of the forearm, on the same side as the thumb

110
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the joints

111
Q

rheumatologists

A

Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal diseases and systemic autoimmune conditions commonly referred to as rheumatic diseases

112
Q

rheumatology

A

The study of inflammatory or infectious conditions of the joints and other parts of the musculoskeletal system

113
Q

rickets

A

A disease in children caused by extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency

114
Q

sacrum

A

A triangular bone at the base of the spine, formed by the fusion of sacral vertebrae

115
Q

scapula

A

The shoulder blade, a large triangular bone on the back of the shoulder

116
Q

scoliosis

A

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. It can vary in severity and may require treatments such as bracing or surgery in more severe cases

117
Q

sphenoid

A

Pertaining to the sphenoid bone, a complex bone at the base of the skull

118
Q

spiral fracture

A

bone has twisted apart

119
Q

spondylosis

A

A painful condition of the spine resulting from the degeneration of intervertebral disks

120
Q

sternum

A

The breastbone, a long flat bone in the center of the chest

121
Q

stress fracture

A

small crack in a bone

122
Q

synovectomy

A

Surgical removal of the synovial membrane from a joint

123
Q

synovial fluid

A

A viscous fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints, reducing friction between the articular cartilage during movement

124
Q

synovial joints

A

Highly movable joints where two bones are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

125
Q

synovial membrane

A

The lining of the inner surface of capsules of synovial joints, secreting synovial fluid for lubrication

126
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Commonly referred to as lupus; a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect many parts of the body

127
Q

tarsals

A

The bones in the rear part of the foot (the heel and the instep)

128
Q

temporal

A

Related to the temporal bones of the skull, located at the lower sides

129
Q

temporomandibular joint (TMJ

A

The hinge joint connecting the temporal bone of the skull with the mandible

130
Q

tendon

A

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

131
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

Pertaining to the thorax or the thoracic vertebrae in the upper back

132
Q

tibia

A

The shin bone, the larger and stronger of the two bones in the lower leg located on the medial side

133
Q

total hip arthroplasty (THA)

A

Also called a total hip replacement (THR), the replacement of the head of the femur and acetabulum with replacement parts that are either metal, ceramic, or hard plastic

134
Q

total hip replacement (THR)

A

Also called a total hip arthroplasty (THA), the replacement of the head of the femur and acetabulum with replacement parts that are either metal, ceramic, or hard plastic

135
Q

total knee arthroplasty (TKA)

A

Also called total knee replacement (TKR), surgical removal of worn surfaces of the knee joint due to severe osteoarthritis

136
Q

total knee replacement (TKR)

A

Also called total knee arthroplasty (TKA), surgical removal of worn surfaces of the knee joint due to severe osteoarthritis

137
Q

transverse fracture

A

Bone is broken straight across

138
Q

true ribs

A

The first seven pairs of ribs, which attach directly to the sternum

139
Q

ulna

A

The medial bone of the forearm, on the same side as the pinky finger

140
Q

vertebrae

A

The individual bones that make up the vertebral column (spine)

141
Q

vertebral column

A

The spinal column or backbone, consisting of multiple vertebrae

142
Q

vomer

A

A thin, flat bone forming the lower part of the nasal septum

143
Q

xiphoid process

A

The small, cartilaginous projection at the lower end of the sternum

144
Q

x-rays

A

Use a form of radiation that travels through the body and strikes an X-ray detector, forming an image that represents the “shadows” of objects inside the body

145
Q

zygomatic

A

Related to the cheekbone or zygomatic bone