chapter 13 vocab Flashcards
axial skeleton
forms central axis of body, includes bones of head, neck, chest, back
acetabulum
The socket of the hip bone, into which the head of the femur fits
acromion
An extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
A ligament in the knee joint that connects the femur to the tibia and crosses in front of the PCL that provides stability to the knee
arthritis
A general term for conditions affecting the joints and surrounding tissues, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement. It includes various types such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
arthrocentesis
A surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint, such as the knee
arthrodesis
The surgical immobilization of a joint by fusion of the adjacent bones
arthroplasty
surgical repair of a joint
arthroscopy
A common procedure performed by orthopedic surgeons to view the inside of a joint to diagnose and/or to repair joint problems
articular disks
Fibrocartilage structures in some synovial joints that act as cushions and improve the fit between the bones
below-the-knee amputation (BKA)
A procedure performed by an orthopedic surgeon who removes the foot, ankle, part of the tibia, fibula, and corresponding soft tissue structures
body of sternum
the middle portion of the sternum
bone mineral density
A test that measures calcium and other minerals in bone
bursa
A small fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a bone and other moving parts, such as muscles, tendons, or skin
bursectomy
surgical removal of a bursa
bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa, usually occurring in the knee, elbow, or shoulder
calcaneus
the heel bone
calcium
A mineral essential for developing and maintaining healthy bones and teeth
carpals
the bones of the wrist
cartilage
A resilient and smooth elastic tissue that covers and protects the ends of bones at joints
cartilaginous joints
Joints where bones are connected by cartilage, allowing more movement than fibrous joints but less than synovial joints
cervical vertebrae
Pertaining to the neck or the cervical vertebrae in the neck region
clavicle
The collarbone, a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum
closed or simple fracture
A type of bone fracture where the skin over the fracture site remains intact, and the bone does not pierce through the skin
coccyx
The tailbone, formed by the fusion of coccygeal vertebrae
comminuted fracture
a bone is crushed into pieces
cranioplasty
surgical repair of the skull
craniotomy
A surgical procedure involving an incision through the cranium to access the brain
cranium
The skull, especially the part encasing the brain
crepitus
Describes a popping, clicking, or crackling sound when moving a joint that is associated with osteoarthritis. It typically reflects air movement in the joint and is harmless
DEXA scan
Shortened name for a central dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. These scans use radiation to measure how much calcium and other minerals are in a specific area of the bone
diskectomy
Surgical removal of an intervertebral disk
diskitis
Inflammation of an intervertebral disk
dislocation
A condition where the bones in a joint become displaced from their normal alignment
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO)
A medical specialist who uses a whole-person approach to help prevent illness and injury by looking beyond symptoms to understand how lifestyle and environmental factors impact a person’s well-being. They practice medicine according to science and technology, but also consider options to complement medications and surgery
ethmoid
Related to the ethmoid bone, located between the eyes and forming part of the nasal cavity
false ribs
Ribs 8-10, which are connected to the sternum via cartilage
femur
The thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body
fibrous joints
Joints where bones are joined by fibrous tissue, typically allowing very little movement
fibula
The smaller and thinner bone of the lower leg located on the lateral side
floating ribs
The last two pairs of ribs, which are not attached to the sternum
fracture
A medical condition where there is a break in the continuity of the bone. It can range from minor cracks to complete breaks and can occur in any bone in the body
frontal
Pertaining to the forehead or the frontal bone of the skull
gout
A type of inflammatory arthritis that causes pain and swelling in the joints, usually as flares that last for one or two weeks and then resolve. Gout flares often begin in the big toe or a lower limb when high levels of serum uric acid build up in the body
carpal tunnel syndome
disorder that occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist
greenstick
Bone is partially broken, a condition that occurs in children
hallux
the big toe
herniated disk
A condition where a disk protrudes beyond the normal confines of the vertebrae
humerus
The upper arm bone, extending from the shoulder to the elbow
hyoid
A U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue
ilium
The large, broad bone forming the upper part of each half of the pelvis
impacted fracture
One fragment of the bone is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression
inferior conchae
Referring to the lowermost scroll-like bones on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
intercostal muscles
located between the ribs
intercostal retractions
The inward movement of the muscles between the ribs, typically a sign of respiratory distress
intervertebral disks
Pertaining to the space or structure between two vertebrae
ischium
The curved bone forming the base of each half of the pelvis
joints
The locations where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement or stability in the skeleton
kyphosis
An excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing a hunching of the back. It can result from degenerative diseases, developmental problems, osteoporosis, or trauma
lacrimal
Related to the lacrimal bones, small bones forming part of the eye socket
laminectomy
Surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral bone called the lamina
lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
A ligament on the outer side of the knee joint connecting the femur to the fibula
lateral malleolus
The bony prominence on the outside of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula
ligaments
Bands of tough, fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones at joints
lordosis
An excessive inward curvature of the spine, often affecting the lower back. It can be caused by obesity, poor posture, or other underlying conditions
lumbar (vertebrae
related to the lower back or the lumbar vertebrae
lupus
Common name for systemic lupus erythematosus; a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect many parts of the body
mandible
the lower jawbone
manubrium
the upper part of the sternum
maxillary
Pertaining to the maxilla or the upper jawbone
medical malleolus
The bony prominence on the inside of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia
meniscectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of a torn meniscus
meniscitis
Inflammation of a meniscus, typically in the knee
meniscus
A C-shaped piece of cartilage in the knee joint that acts as a shock absorber between the femur and tibia
metacarpals
The bones of the hand between the wrist and the fingers
metatarsals
The bones in the midfoot and forefoot
myeloma
A type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow
nasal
Pertaining to the nasal bones of the nose
oblique fracture
bone is broken at an angle
occipital
Pertaining to the occipital bone at the back and base of the skull
open or compound fracture
A severe type of bone fracture where the broken bone pierces through the skin, creating an open wound. This type increases the risk of infection
open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)
A type of surgery used to stabilize and heal a broken bone using screws, plates, wires, or nails to reconnect bones
spondylosyndesis
surgical fusion joining the vertebrae
orthopedics
A branch of medicine that treats disorders and diseases related to the musculoskeletal system
orthopedists
Medical doctors who specialize in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and surgery of disorders and diseases related to the musculoskeletal system
osteoarthritis
A degenerative joint disease in which the tissues in the joint break down over several years. It is the most common type of arthritis and frequently occurs as people age
osteoblasts
Cells that form new bone tissue
osteoclasts
Cells that break down and resorb bone tissue
osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue
osteomalacia
Softening of bones due to a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium
osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow, usually caused by infection
osteonecrosis
Death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply
osteopathy
A branch of medical practice that emphasizes the treatment of medical disorders through the manipulation and massage of the bones, joints, and muscles
osteopenia
Reduced bone mass of lesser severity than osteoporosis
osteoporosis
A condition where bones become weak and brittle, often due to loss of tissue as a result of hormonal changes or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D. It increases the risk of fractures
osteosarcoma
a type of malignant bone tumor
palatine
Related to the palatine bones of the skull, forming parts of the nasal cavity and hard palate
parietal
Pertaining to the parietal bones of the skull, located at the sides and top of the cranium
patella
The kneecap, a small bone in front of the knee joint
pelvis
The large bony structure near the base of the spine which includes the two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx to which the legs are attached
phalanges
The bones of the fingers and toes
phalanx
A single bone of the fingers or toes
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
A ligament in the knee that crosses behind the ACL and connects the femur to the tibia
prosthesis
an artificial body part
pubic symphysis
The joint between the two pubic bones at the front of the pelvis
pubis
The front part of the pelvic girdle, situated at the anterior part of the pelvis
radiologist
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating injuries and diseases using medical imaging (radiology) procedures such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound
radiology technologist
Commonly called an X-ray tech, is a health care professional who is specially trained to perform medical imaging like X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans
radius
The lateral bone of the forearm, on the same side as the thumb
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the joints
rheumatologists
Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal diseases and systemic autoimmune conditions commonly referred to as rheumatic diseases
rheumatology
The study of inflammatory or infectious conditions of the joints and other parts of the musculoskeletal system
rickets
A disease in children caused by extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency
sacrum
A triangular bone at the base of the spine, formed by the fusion of sacral vertebrae
scapula
The shoulder blade, a large triangular bone on the back of the shoulder
scoliosis
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. It can vary in severity and may require treatments such as bracing or surgery in more severe cases
sphenoid
Pertaining to the sphenoid bone, a complex bone at the base of the skull
spiral fracture
bone has twisted apart
spondylosis
A painful condition of the spine resulting from the degeneration of intervertebral disks
sternum
The breastbone, a long flat bone in the center of the chest
stress fracture
small crack in a bone
synovectomy
Surgical removal of the synovial membrane from a joint
synovial fluid
A viscous fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints, reducing friction between the articular cartilage during movement
synovial joints
Highly movable joints where two bones are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
synovial membrane
The lining of the inner surface of capsules of synovial joints, secreting synovial fluid for lubrication
systemic lupus erythematosus
Commonly referred to as lupus; a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect many parts of the body
tarsals
The bones in the rear part of the foot (the heel and the instep)
temporal
Related to the temporal bones of the skull, located at the lower sides
temporomandibular joint (TMJ
The hinge joint connecting the temporal bone of the skull with the mandible
tendon
A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
thoracic vertebrae
Pertaining to the thorax or the thoracic vertebrae in the upper back
tibia
The shin bone, the larger and stronger of the two bones in the lower leg located on the medial side
total hip arthroplasty (THA)
Also called a total hip replacement (THR), the replacement of the head of the femur and acetabulum with replacement parts that are either metal, ceramic, or hard plastic
total hip replacement (THR)
Also called a total hip arthroplasty (THA), the replacement of the head of the femur and acetabulum with replacement parts that are either metal, ceramic, or hard plastic
total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
Also called total knee replacement (TKR), surgical removal of worn surfaces of the knee joint due to severe osteoarthritis
total knee replacement (TKR)
Also called total knee arthroplasty (TKA), surgical removal of worn surfaces of the knee joint due to severe osteoarthritis
transverse fracture
Bone is broken straight across
true ribs
The first seven pairs of ribs, which attach directly to the sternum
ulna
The medial bone of the forearm, on the same side as the pinky finger
vertebrae
The individual bones that make up the vertebral column (spine)
vertebral column
The spinal column or backbone, consisting of multiple vertebrae
vomer
A thin, flat bone forming the lower part of the nasal septum
xiphoid process
The small, cartilaginous projection at the lower end of the sternum
x-rays
Use a form of radiation that travels through the body and strikes an X-ray detector, forming an image that represents the “shadows” of objects inside the body
zygomatic
Related to the cheekbone or zygomatic bone
