chapter 14 vocab Flashcards
abduction
The movement of a limb or other part away from the midline of the body or from another part
achilles tendon
A tendon of the back of the leg, and the thickest in the human body, attaching the calf muscles to the heel bone
actin
A protein that forms (along with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is involved in motion in other types of cells
active range of motion (AROM)
The degree of movement a joint can be moved by a muscle contraction
adaptive equipment
Devices or tools used to assist individuals with disabilities in performing tasks and activities, aiming to enhance independence and functionality
adduction
The movement of a body part toward the body’s midline
assistive equipment
Tools or devices that aid in performing daily tasks and activities, especially designed for people with disabilities, similar to adaptive equipment but may include a broader range of tools
ataxia
The lack of muscle control or coordination of voluntary movements, such as walking or picking up objects
atrophy
The gradual wasting away, decrease in size, or degeneration of muscle or tissue
biceps brachialis
A muscle in the upper and lower arm that acts to flex the elbow and rotates the forearm, situated underneath the biceps brachii
biceps brachii
A muscle of the upper arm that flexes the elbow
bradykinesia
Slowness of movement, a common symptom of Parkinson’s disease
cardiac muscle
Specialized, involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body
cerebral palsy (CP)
A group of disorders affecting movement and muscle tone or posture caused by damage that occurs to the immature, developing brain, most often before birth
chiropractors
Health care professionals focused on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular disorders, with an emphasis on treatment through manual adjustment and/or manipulation of the spine
circumduction
circular movement of the limb, where the distal end describes a circle and the proximal end remains stationary
contracture
The permanent tightening of muscles, tendons, skin, and other tissues, leading to a decrease in flexibility and mobility
deltoid
A large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and responsible for lifting the arm away from the body
depression
downward movement
diplopia
doubled or blurred vision
dorsiflexion
The backward flexion or bending of a hand or foot
dysarthria
Slurred or slow speech that can be difficult to understand
dyskinesia
Difficult, uncontrollable, impaired voluntary movement
dysphagia
Difficulty or discomfort in swallowing
dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing
dystrophy
A disorder in which an organ or tissue of the body wastes away
electromyogram (EMG)
A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity of muscles
elevation
upward movement
eversion
The action of turning outward the sole of the foot away from the body’s midline
extension
A straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts
fibromyalgia
A disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory, and mood issues
flaccid
Lacking firmness, resilience, or muscle tone
flexion
The action of bending or the condition of being bent, especially the bending of a limb or joint
gastrocnemius
The major calf muscle, responsible for plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint
gluteus maximus
The largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles, responsible for movement of the hip and thigh
hamstring tendons
Any of the five tendons at the back of a person’s
knee
hemiplegia
Paralysis of one side of the body
hyperkinesia
Excessive movement; an abnormally high level of activity
hypertrophy
The enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells
inversion
The process of turning inward the sole of the foot towards the body’s midline
kinesiologists
Specialists in the study of human movement
kinesiology
The study of the mechanics of body movements
latissimus dorsi
A broad, flat muscle on the back that helps control movement of the shoulder
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A medical imaging technique used to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body
massage therapists
Professionals who practice manual manipulation of soft body tissues (muscle, connective tissue, tendons, and ligaments) to enhance a person’s health and well-being
muscular dystrophy (MD)
A group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass or abnormal development, due to gene mutations
myalgia
Pain in a muscle or group of muscles
myasthenia
muscle weakness
myasthenia gravis (MG)
A chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles, which are responsible for breathing and moving parts of the body, including the arms and legs
myoglobin
A red protein containing heme that carries and stores oxygen in muscle cells
myorrhaphy
The surgical suturing of a muscle
myosin
A type of protein filament that interacts with actin in muscle contraction and is also involved in cellular transport
neurologists
Physicians who specialize in the treatment of diseases and disorders of the nervous system
occupational therapists (OT)
Health professionals who help people recover, develop, and maintain daily living and work skills
occupational therapy assistants (OTA)
Professionals who work under the direction of occupational therapists to assist patients in developing, recovering, and improving the skills needed for daily living and working
ocular myasthenia
A form of myasthenia gravis that primarily affects the muscles that control eye and eyelid movement
opposition
working in opposite directions
orthopedists
Medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis, correction, prevention, and treatment of patients with skeletal deformities
orthotic/prosthetic devices
Apparatuses used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities, or to improve the function of movable parts of the body. Orthotic devices are typically used to support weak or ineffective joints or muscles, whereas prosthetic devices replace missing body parts
paralysis
The loss of the ability to move (and sometimes to feel anything) in part or most of the body, typically as a result of illness, poison, or injury
paraplegia
Paralysis of the legs and lower body, typically caused by spinal injury or disease
passive range of motion (PROM)
The extent of movement a joint can be moved by an external force without muscle contraction
pectoralis major
A thick, fan-shaped muscle situated at the chest of the body, making up the bulk of the male chest
physical therapists (PT)
Healthcare professionals who provide services to individuals to develop, maintain, and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout life
physical therapist assistants (PTA)
Skilled healthcare workers who work under the supervision of a physical therapist to provide therapy services
plantar flexion
The movement of the foot in which the foot or toes flex downward toward the sole
polymyositis
inflammation of many muscles
pronation
The act of turning the palm downward or when applied to the foot, the inward roll of the foot/ankle
protraction
Moving a part of the body forward
ptosis
Drooping of the upper eyelid due to paralysis or disease, or as a congenital condition
quadriceps
A large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh
quadriplegia or tetraplegia
Paralysis of all four limbs; tetraplegia is another term for the same condition
range-of-motion testing (ROM)
A procedure that measures the extent of movement in a particular joint
rectus abdominis
A paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen
retraction
Moving a part of the body backward
rhabdomyolysis
A serious syndrome due to a direct or indirect muscle injury, resulting from the death of muscle fibers and release of their contents into the bloodstream
rotation
Circular movement around a central point. Internal rotation is toward the center of the body, and external rotation is away from the center of the body
rotator cuff
A group of muscles and tendons surrounding the shoulder joint, keeping the head of the humerus firmly within the shallow socket of the shoulder
skeletal muscles
Voluntary muscles attached to the skeleton, responsible for movement, posture, and balance
smooth muscle
Involuntary, non-striated muscle that is found in the walls of internal organs such as the stomach, intestine, and blood vessels, controlling their movements
spastic
muscles tighten, with uncontrolled jerks, relating to or affected by muscle spasm or increased reflexes
spasticity
Stiff muscles, a feature of altered skeletal muscle performance with a combination of paralysis, increased tendon reflex activity, and hypertonia
sprain
An injury to ligaments caused by a wrench or twist, typically resulting in pain, swelling, and difficulty in movement
strain
An injury to a muscle or tendon in which the muscle fibers tear as a result of overstretching, often causing pain and inflammation
striated
Muscle tissue characterized by the presence of striations, or alternating light and dark bands, typically found in skeletal and cardiac muscles
supination
The act of turning the palm upwards or when applied to the foot, the outward roll of the foot/ankle
tendonitis
Inflammation of a tendon, often causing pain and swelling
tendons
Tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that usually connect muscle to bone and are capable of withstanding tension
tenomyoplasty
A surgical procedure involving the repair of both muscle and tendon
tenorrhaphy
The surgical suturing of a tendon
triceps brachii
A major muscle of the posterior, upper arm that extends the elbow
voice activated technology
Technology that is controlled through voice commands rather than manual operation, often used to assist individuals with mobility or dexterity issues
