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A&P Exam 1 > Chapter 5 - Part 2 - Dermis > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Part 2 - Dermis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major components of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary layer
  2. Reticular layer
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2
Q

Which is deeper - papillary or reticular layer?

A

reticular

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3
Q

The papillary layer consists of ____ tissue

A

areolar

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4
Q

The reticular layer consists of ____ tissue

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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5
Q

The reticular layer contains both ____ and ____ fibers

A

collagen and elastic

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6
Q

What else is contained in the papillary layer?

A

capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons

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7
Q

Hair follicles and sweat glands extend into the _____

A

dermis

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8
Q

What is dermatitis?

A

An inflammation of the skin that primarily involves the papillary layer

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9
Q

What gives the dermis its strength and elasticity?

A

collage and elastic fibers

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10
Q

Besides collagen and elastic fibers, what else gives the dermis its strength and elasticity?

A

water (skin turgor)

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11
Q

What can permanently reduce the amount amount of elastin in the dermis?

A

aging, hormones, UV radiation

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12
Q

What is a sign of dehydration?

A

the loss of skin turgor (skin remains peaked when pinched

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13
Q

When the dermis stretches beyond its limits and can’t return to its original size, what results?

A

stretch marks

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14
Q

What does tretinoin do?

A

derivative of vitamin A that increases blood flow to the dermis and stimulates dermal repair. Wrinkles become smaller

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15
Q

How are collagen and elastic fibers arranged?

A

parallel bundles oriented to resist the forces applied to the skin

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16
Q

The pattern of fiber bundles in the skin establishes…..

A

cleavage (tension) lines

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17
Q

Why are cleavage lines clinically significant?

A

A cut parallel to the cleavage line will usually remain closed and heal with little scarring

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18
Q

What happens when a cut is made at a right angle to a cleavage line??

A

will result in greater scarring

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19
Q

Arteries supplying the skin form networks in….

A

the hypodermis

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20
Q

The network of arteries supplying the skin is called the…

A

cutaneous plexus

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21
Q

Describe the location of the dermis

A

The dermis is a connective tissue layer that lies between the epidermis and the hypodermis

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22
Q

Where are the capillaries and sensory neurons that supply the epidermis located?

A

The papillary layer of the dermis

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23
Q

What accounts for the ability of the dermis to undergo repeated stretching?

A

The presence of elastic fibers and the resilience of skin turgor allows the dermis to undergo repeated cycles of stretching and recoil (returning to its original shape)

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24
Q

The connective tissue fibers of the reticular layer are extensively interwoven with….

A

those of the hypodermis

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25
Is the hypodermis part of the integument?
no
26
The hypodermis consists of _____ and ____ tissues
areolar and adipose
27
Is the hypodermis elastic?
yes
28
The skin is often described as a _____reservoir
blood
29
The hypodermis contains a limited number of _____ and no vital _____
capillaries, vital organs
30
Why is subcutaneous injection be means of a hypodermic needle useful for injecting drug?
limited capillaries and no vital organs
31
Describe the hypodermis
Layer of LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE and ADIPOSE TISSUE. AKA subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia. Not considered part of the integument, but important in stabilizing the skin in relation to underlying tissues
32
Identify several functions of subcutaneous fat
Insulation to reduce heat loss, energy reserve, shock absorber
33
What are accessory structures also called? Why?
Epidermal derivatives because these structures originated from the epidermis in embryological development
34
Are hairs living or non living structures?
nonliving
35
Hairs are produced in organs called..?
hair follicles
36
What are some functions of the hair/hair follicles?
protect scalp from UV radiation, cushion impacts to the head, insulate skull, sensory receptors
37
Each hair follicle usually extends as far as the...
hypodermis
38
A bundle of smooth muscle cells forms the.....
arrector pili muscle
39
Each follicle is wrapped in a _____ connective tissue sheath called a..?
dense, root hair plexus
40
What % of our hairs is on our body surface (not the head)
75%
41
Where do hairs NOT project above the surface of the skin?
sides and soles of the feet, palms of hands, sides of fingers and toes
42
About how many hairs does the human body have?
2.5 million
43
The root hair plexus contains....
sensory nerves
44
What does having the root hair plexus do for us?
we can feel the movement of a shaft of even a single hair. Provides an early warning system
45
Arrector pilli muscles extend from what layer of the dermis?
The papillary layer
46
What happens when the arrector pilli muscle contratcs?
pulls on the hair follicle and forces it to stand erect (goosebumps)
47
What is the benefit of the arrector pilli muscle in a furry mammal?
increases the thickness of its insulating coat
48
What is the hair root?
The portion that anchors the hair to the skin
49
Where does the hair root begin and end?
begins at the base of the hair (hair bulb) and ends when the internal organization of the hair is complete (halfway to skin)
50
Where does the hair shaft begin and end?
begins at the halfway point to the surface of the skin to the exposed tip of the hair
51
What is the hair follicle connected to?
a sebaceous gland
52
Where does hair production begin?
at the base of the hair follicle
53
The hair bulb is made up of ____ cells
epithelial
54
The hair bulb surrounds the ___?
hair papilla
55
What is the hair papilla?
a peg of connective tissue containing capillaries and nerves
56
Which structure of a hair follicle is responsible for producing the hair?
The superficial cells of the hair bulb
57
The superficial cells of a hair bulb form a layer called the __
matrix
58
Which cells in the hair matrix divide to produce daughter cells?
basal cells
59
Daughter cells closest to the center of the hair matrix form the______
medulla
60
Daughter cells FURTHER from the center of the hair matrix form the _____, a ____ layer
cortex, an intermediate layer
61
Cells at the EDGES of the hair matrix form the ____
cuticle
62
When is keratinization of hair cells completed?
by the time the daughter cells reach the surface
63
Hair in the scalp grows for ___to____ years at a rate of ____ per day
2-5 years at a rate of 0.33mm per day
64
What accounts for differences in the length of uncut hair?
variations in the growth rate and duration of hair growth
65
Clipping hair for analysis can be helpful how?
testing for lead poisoning or other heavy metal poisoning. DNA fingerprinting
66
What is a club hair?
The follicle that becomes inactive at the end of a growth cycle
67
Healthy adults typically lose how many hairs a day?
100
68
Temporary increases in hair loss can result from...
high vitamin a, drugs, diet, radiation, hormones, stress
69
Some cases of male pattern baldness respond to drug therapies such as...
minoxidil
70
How many months into embryonic development does hair first appear? What are they called?
around 3 months. Lanugo hairs
71
Lanugo hairs are replaced by what 2 hairs before birth?
Vellus hairs Terminal hairs
72
What are vellus hairs?
"peach fuzz"
73
The hairs on your head, eyebrows, eyelashes are what kind of hairs?
terminal hairs
74
Why do hair colors vary?
differences in the pigment produced by melanocytes at the hair papilla
75
White hair results from...
lack of pigment and air bubbles in the medulla
76
Describe a typical strand of hair
Keratinous strand produced by epithelial cells of the hair follicle
77
Once a burn on the forearm that destroys the epidermis and extensive areas of the deep dermis heals, will hair grow back again in the affected area?
NO - the hair follicles are in the dermis
78
Sebaceous glands are also called...
oil glands
79
Are sebaceous glands merocrine apocrine or holocrine?
holocrine
80
Sebaceous glands that communicate with a single follicle share a duct and are classified as.....
branched alveolar glands
81
The gland cells produce large quantities of what biomolecule?
lipids
82
The secreted lipid product is called...
sebum
83
How do sebaceous glands release their secretions?
lipids released from the gland cells enter the lumen. Arrector pilli muscle contracts , forcing the lipids into the hair follicle and onto the surface of the skin
84
What does sebum do for the hair?
inhibits bacteria, lubricates and protects the keratin of the hair shaft
85
What are sebaceous follicles and where are they found?
large sebaceous glands that are NOT associated with hair follicles. ducts discharge sebum directly onto epidermis. located on face, back, chest, nipples, and genitelia
86
What is SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS?
inflammation around abnormally active sebaceous glands.
87
What is another word for sweat glands?
sudoriferous glands
88
The skin contains 2 types of sweat glands:
apocrine and merocrine
89
When do apocrine glands begin secreting?
at puberty
90
Where do apocrine sweat glands secrete their products?
into hair follicles
91
Apocrine sweat glands actually use ____method of secretion
merocrine
92
Where are apocrine sweat glands found?
pubic region, nipples
92
Where are apocrine sweat glands found?
pubic region, nipples
93
What cells surround the secretory cells in apocrine sweat glands?
myoepithelial cells
94
Merocrine sweat glands are also known as ____ sweat glands
eccrine
95
Where do merocrine sweat glands release their secretions?
directly onto the surface of the skin
96
Which structures of the body have the highest number of merocrine sweat glands?
palms and soles
97
The sweat produced by merocrine sweat glands is called...
sensible perspiration
98
What are 3 functions of merocrine sweat glands?
-cooling the surface of the skin -Excreting water, electrolytes, salts -Provide protection from environmental health hazards
99
What is dermicidin?
released by merocrine sweat glands. small peptide that has powerful antibiotic properties
100
Besides apocrine and holocrine, what are 2 other integumentary glands?
mammary glands ceruminous glands
101
Ceruminous glands, with the help of sebaceous glands, produce....
earwax
102
Identify 2 types of exocrine glands found in the skin
-Sebaceous glands -Sweat glands
103
What are the functions of sebaceous secretions?
Lubricate and protect the keratin of the hair shaft, skin, and inhibit the growth of bacteria
104
What is the nail body?
The visible portion of the nail
105
The nail body covers...
an area of epidermis called the NAIL BED
106
Where does nail production occur?
at the nail root
107
What is the pale crescent on our nail called?
the lunula
108
Is the nail body composed of alive or dead cells?
dead, tightly packed cells filled with keratin
109
When can nails turn yellow?
people with respiratory disorders, thyroid gland disorders, or aids
110
What happens to the nails during psoriasis?
nails become pitted as a result of rapid cell division in the stratum basale
111
What term is used to describe the thickened stratum corneum underlying the free edge of a nail?
hyponychium
112
Another name for cuticle
eponychium

A&P Exam 1 (19 decks)

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