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A&P Exam 1 > Chapter 5 - Part 2 - Dermis > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Part 2 - Dermis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major components of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary layer
  2. Reticular layer
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2
Q

Which is deeper - papillary or reticular layer?

A

reticular

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3
Q

The papillary layer consists of ____ tissue

A

areolar

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4
Q

The reticular layer consists of ____ tissue

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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5
Q

The reticular layer contains both ____ and ____ fibers

A

collagen and elastic

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6
Q

What else is contained in the papillary layer?

A

capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons

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7
Q

Hair follicles and sweat glands extend into the _____

A

dermis

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8
Q

What is dermatitis?

A

An inflammation of the skin that primarily involves the papillary layer

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9
Q

What gives the dermis its strength and elasticity?

A

collage and elastic fibers

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10
Q

Besides collagen and elastic fibers, what else gives the dermis its strength and elasticity?

A

water (skin turgor)

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11
Q

What can permanently reduce the amount amount of elastin in the dermis?

A

aging, hormones, UV radiation

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12
Q

What is a sign of dehydration?

A

the loss of skin turgor (skin remains peaked when pinched

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13
Q

When the dermis stretches beyond its limits and can’t return to its original size, what results?

A

stretch marks

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14
Q

What does tretinoin do?

A

derivative of vitamin A that increases blood flow to the dermis and stimulates dermal repair. Wrinkles become smaller

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15
Q

How are collagen and elastic fibers arranged?

A

parallel bundles oriented to resist the forces applied to the skin

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16
Q

The pattern of fiber bundles in the skin establishes…..

A

cleavage (tension) lines

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17
Q

Why are cleavage lines clinically significant?

A

A cut parallel to the cleavage line will usually remain closed and heal with little scarring

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18
Q

What happens when a cut is made at a right angle to a cleavage line??

A

will result in greater scarring

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19
Q

Arteries supplying the skin form networks in….

A

the hypodermis

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20
Q

The network of arteries supplying the skin is called the…

A

cutaneous plexus

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21
Q

Describe the location of the dermis

A

The dermis is a connective tissue layer that lies between the epidermis and the hypodermis

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22
Q

Where are the capillaries and sensory neurons that supply the epidermis located?

A

The papillary layer of the dermis

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23
Q

What accounts for the ability of the dermis to undergo repeated stretching?

A

The presence of elastic fibers and the resilience of skin turgor allows the dermis to undergo repeated cycles of stretching and recoil (returning to its original shape)

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24
Q

The connective tissue fibers of the reticular layer are extensively interwoven with….

A

those of the hypodermis

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25
Q

Is the hypodermis part of the integument?

A

no

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26
Q

The hypodermis consists of _____ and ____ tissues

A

areolar and adipose

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27
Q

Is the hypodermis elastic?

A

yes

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28
Q

The skin is often described as a _____reservoir

A

blood

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29
Q

The hypodermis contains a limited number of _____ and no vital _____

A

capillaries, vital organs

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30
Q

Why is subcutaneous injection be means of a hypodermic needle useful for injecting drug?

A

limited capillaries and no vital organs

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31
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A

Layer of LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE and ADIPOSE TISSUE. AKA subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia. Not considered part of the integument, but important in stabilizing the skin in relation to underlying tissues

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32
Q

Identify several functions of subcutaneous fat

A

Insulation to reduce heat loss, energy reserve, shock absorber

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33
Q

What are accessory structures also called? Why?

A

Epidermal derivatives because these structures originated from the epidermis in embryological development

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34
Q

Are hairs living or non living structures?

A

nonliving

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35
Q

Hairs are produced in organs called..?

A

hair follicles

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36
Q

What are some functions of the hair/hair follicles?

A

protect scalp from UV radiation, cushion impacts to the head, insulate skull, sensory receptors

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37
Q

Each hair follicle usually extends as far as the…

A

hypodermis

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38
Q

A bundle of smooth muscle cells forms the…..

A

arrector pili muscle

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39
Q

Each follicle is wrapped in a _____ connective tissue sheath called a..?

A

dense, root hair plexus

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40
Q

What % of our hairs is on our body surface (not the head)

A

75%

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41
Q

Where do hairs NOT project above the surface of the skin?

A

sides and soles of the feet, palms of hands, sides of fingers and toes

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42
Q

About how many hairs does the human body have?

A

2.5 million

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43
Q

The root hair plexus contains….

A

sensory nerves

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44
Q

What does having the root hair plexus do for us?

A

we can feel the movement of a shaft of even a single hair. Provides an early warning system

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45
Q

Arrector pilli muscles extend from what layer of the dermis?

A

The papillary layer

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46
Q

What happens when the arrector pilli muscle contratcs?

A

pulls on the hair follicle and forces it to stand erect (goosebumps)

47
Q

What is the benefit of the arrector pilli muscle in a furry mammal?

A

increases the thickness of its insulating coat

48
Q

What is the hair root?

A

The portion that anchors the hair to the skin

49
Q

Where does the hair root begin and end?

A

begins at the base of the hair (hair bulb) and ends when the internal organization of the hair is complete (halfway to skin)

50
Q

Where does the hair shaft begin and end?

A

begins at the halfway point to the surface of the skin to the exposed tip of the hair

51
Q

What is the hair follicle connected to?

A

a sebaceous gland

52
Q

Where does hair production begin?

A

at the base of the hair follicle

53
Q

The hair bulb is made up of ____ cells

A

epithelial

54
Q

The hair bulb surrounds the ___?

A

hair papilla

55
Q

What is the hair papilla?

A

a peg of connective tissue containing capillaries and nerves

56
Q

Which structure of a hair follicle is responsible for producing the hair?

A

The superficial cells of the hair bulb

57
Q

The superficial cells of a hair bulb form a layer called the __

A

matrix

58
Q

Which cells in the hair matrix divide to produce daughter cells?

A

basal cells

59
Q

Daughter cells closest to the center of the hair matrix form the______

A

medulla

60
Q

Daughter cells FURTHER from the center of the hair matrix form the _____, a ____ layer

A

cortex, an intermediate layer

61
Q

Cells at the EDGES of the hair matrix form the ____

A

cuticle

62
Q

When is keratinization of hair cells completed?

A

by the time the daughter cells reach the surface

63
Q

Hair in the scalp grows for ___to____ years at a rate of ____ per day

A

2-5 years at a rate of 0.33mm per day

64
Q

What accounts for differences in the length of uncut hair?

A

variations in the growth rate and duration of hair growth

65
Q

Clipping hair for analysis can be helpful how?

A

testing for lead poisoning or other heavy metal poisoning. DNA fingerprinting

66
Q

What is a club hair?

A

The follicle that becomes inactive at the end of a growth cycle

67
Q

Healthy adults typically lose how many hairs a day?

A

100

68
Q

Temporary increases in hair loss can result from…

A

high vitamin a, drugs, diet, radiation, hormones, stress

69
Q

Some cases of male pattern baldness respond to drug therapies such as…

A

minoxidil

70
Q

How many months into embryonic development does hair first appear? What are they called?

A

around 3 months. Lanugo hairs

71
Q

Lanugo hairs are replaced by what 2 hairs before birth?

A

Vellus hairs
Terminal hairs

72
Q

What are vellus hairs?

A

“peach fuzz”

73
Q

The hairs on your head, eyebrows, eyelashes are what kind of hairs?

A

terminal hairs

74
Q

Why do hair colors vary?

A

differences in the pigment produced by melanocytes at the hair papilla

75
Q

White hair results from…

A

lack of pigment and air bubbles in the medulla

76
Q

Describe a typical strand of hair

A

Keratinous strand produced by epithelial cells of the hair follicle

77
Q

Once a burn on the forearm that destroys the epidermis and extensive areas of the deep dermis heals, will hair grow back again in the affected area?

A

NO - the hair follicles are in the dermis

78
Q

Sebaceous glands are also called…

A

oil glands

79
Q

Are sebaceous glands merocrine apocrine or holocrine?

A

holocrine

80
Q

Sebaceous glands that communicate with a single follicle share a duct and are classified as…..

A

branched alveolar glands

81
Q

The gland cells produce large quantities of what biomolecule?

A

lipids

82
Q

The secreted lipid product is called…

A

sebum

83
Q

How do sebaceous glands release their secretions?

A

lipids released from the gland cells enter the lumen. Arrector pilli muscle contracts , forcing the lipids into the hair follicle and onto the surface of the skin

84
Q

What does sebum do for the hair?

A

inhibits bacteria, lubricates and protects the keratin of the hair shaft

85
Q

What are sebaceous follicles and where are they found?

A

large sebaceous glands that are NOT associated with hair follicles. ducts discharge sebum directly onto epidermis. located on face, back, chest, nipples, and genitelia

86
Q

What is SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS?

A

inflammation around abnormally active sebaceous glands.

87
Q

What is another word for sweat glands?

A

sudoriferous glands

88
Q

The skin contains 2 types of sweat glands:

A

apocrine and merocrine

89
Q

When do apocrine glands begin secreting?

A

at puberty

90
Q

Where do apocrine sweat glands secrete their products?

A

into hair follicles

91
Q

Apocrine sweat glands actually use ____method of secretion

A

merocrine

92
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

pubic region, nipples

92
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

pubic region, nipples

93
Q

What cells surround the secretory cells in apocrine sweat glands?

A

myoepithelial cells

94
Q

Merocrine sweat glands are also known as ____ sweat glands

A

eccrine

95
Q

Where do merocrine sweat glands release their secretions?

A

directly onto the surface of the skin

96
Q

Which structures of the body have the highest number of merocrine sweat glands?

A

palms and soles

97
Q

The sweat produced by merocrine sweat glands is called…

A

sensible perspiration

98
Q

What are 3 functions of merocrine sweat glands?

A

-cooling the surface of the skin
-Excreting water, electrolytes, salts
-Provide protection from environmental health hazards

99
Q

What is dermicidin?

A

released by merocrine sweat glands. small peptide that has powerful antibiotic properties

100
Q

Besides apocrine and holocrine, what are 2 other integumentary glands?

A

mammary glands
ceruminous glands

101
Q

Ceruminous glands, with the help of sebaceous glands, produce….

A

earwax

102
Q

Identify 2 types of exocrine glands found in the skin

A

-Sebaceous glands
-Sweat glands

103
Q

What are the functions of sebaceous secretions?

A

Lubricate and protect the keratin of the hair shaft, skin, and inhibit the growth of bacteria

104
Q

What is the nail body?

A

The visible portion of the nail

105
Q

The nail body covers…

A

an area of epidermis called the NAIL BED

106
Q

Where does nail production occur?

A

at the nail root

107
Q

What is the pale crescent on our nail called?

A

the lunula

108
Q

Is the nail body composed of alive or dead cells?

A

dead, tightly packed cells filled with keratin

109
Q

When can nails turn yellow?

A

people with respiratory disorders, thyroid gland disorders, or aids

110
Q

What happens to the nails during psoriasis?

A

nails become pitted as a result of rapid cell division in the stratum basale

111
Q

What term is used to describe the thickened stratum corneum underlying the free edge of a nail?

A

hyponychium

112
Q

Another name for cuticle

A

eponychium

A&P Exam 1 (19 decks)

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