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A&P Exam 1 > Chapter 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the oldest medical science? (around what year did it begin)

A

Anatomy - 1600BC by the egyptians

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2
Q

The word “anatomy” has ____ roots which directly translates to ____

A

Greek roots, “a cutting open”

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2
Q

Why is studying anatomy and physiology important?

A

Understanding normal physiology assists in recognizing when something abnormal occurs within the body

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3
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts

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4
Q

The word “physiology” has ____ roots

A

Greek

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5
Q

What is physiology?

A

Study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

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6
Q

What is medical terminology?

A

The use of prefixes, suffixes, word roots, and combining forms to construct anatomical, physiological, or medical terms

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7
Q

What is an eponym?

A

A commemorative name for a structure or clinical condition that was originally named after a person (real or mythical)

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8
Q

What is the book that serves as the international standard for anatomical vocabulary?

A

International Anatomical Terminology

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9
Q

Anatomy and physiology are closely integrated, both ____and_____

A

theoretically and practically

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10
Q

All specific ______are performed by specific_____

A

all specific FUNCTIONS are performed by specific STRUCTURES

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11
Q

Anatomy can be divided into ____anatomy, _____ anatomy, and sometimes ____anatomy

A

gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and sometimes surgical anatomy

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12
Q

What is another name for gross anatomy?

A

macroscopic anatomy

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13
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

Involves the examination of relatively large structures usually visible with the naked eye

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14
Q

What are the 5 forms of gross anatomy?

A
  1. Surface anatomy
  2. Regional anatomy
  3. Systemic anatomy
  4. Developmental anatomy
  5. Clinical anatomy
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15
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

Form of gross anatomy. The study of general form and superficial markings

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16
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

Form of gross anatomy that focuses on anatomical organization of specific areas of the body such as head neck or trunk

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17
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

Form of gross anatomy. The study of the structure of organ systems

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18
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Group of organs that function together in a coordinated manner

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19
Q

What is developmental anatomy?

A

Form of gross anatomy. Describes the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity

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20
Q

When do the most extensive structural changes occur for humans?

A

During the first 2 months of development

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21
Q

What is embryology?

A

The study of the 1st 2 months of development

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22
Q

What is clinical anatomy?

A

form of gross anatomy. Includes many subspecialties important in clinical practice

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23
Q

What are 3 subspecialties of clinical anatomy?

A

Pathological anatomy, radiographic anatomy, surgical anatomy

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24
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

Deals with structures which cannot be seen without magnification

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25
Q

How are the boundaries of microscopic anatomy established?

A

limits of the equipment used

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26
Q

Name the 3 kinds of microscopes beginning with the one with the least magnification

A

Dissecting microscope, light microscope, electron microscope

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27
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of microscopic anatomy?

A

Histology and cytology

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28
Q

At what level of organization does microscopic anatomy switch to gross anatomy?

A

organ level

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29
Q

What is cytology?

A

The study of the internal structure of individual cells

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29
Q

What is cytology?

A

The study of the internal structure of individual cells

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30
Q

What are cells?

A

The simplest units of life

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31
Q

What is histology?

A

the examination/study of tissues

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32
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions

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33
Q

Are there more specializations in anatomy or physiology? Why?

A

Physiology because functions are more complex and difficult to examine than structures

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34
Q

What are 4 specializations of physiology??

A
  1. Cell physiology
  2. Organ physiology
  3. Systemic physiology
  4. Pathological physiology
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35
Q

What is the cornerstone of human physiology?

A

CELL physiology

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36
Q

Cell physiology considers events at the ______ and _____ levels

A

chemical and molecular

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37
Q

What is an example of organ physiology?

A

cardiac physiology

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38
Q

What is an example of systemic physiology?

A

Cardiovascular physiology

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39
Q

What is pathological physiology?

A

Specialization in physiology. Study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions

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40
Q

Modern medicine depends on an understanding of both _____physiology and _____physiology

A

normal and pathological physiology

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41
Q

What is the core of all scientific thought? (including medical diagnosis)

A

The scientific method

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42
Q

Why is it difficult to separate anatomy from physiology?

A

The structures of body parts are so closely related to their function. FUNCTION FOLLOWS FORM

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43
Q

Name the levels or organization from smallest to largest

A

chemical/molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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44
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

A

the heart, blood, and blood vessels

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45
Q

Something that affects a SYSTEM will ultimately affect…?

A

each of the system’s components

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46
Q

Name the 11 organ systems in the human body

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Reproductive
  3. Nervous
  4. Digestive
  5. Cardiovascular
  6. Respiratory
  7. Muscular
  8. Skeletal
  9. Endocrine
  10. Urinary
  11. Lymphatic
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47
Q

What are the major structures of the integumentary system?

A

Hair, skin, nails, sweat glands

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48
Q

What are the major structures of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and bone marrow

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49
Q

What are the major structures of the muscular system?

A

skeletal muscles and associated tendons

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50
Q

What are the major structures of the nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

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51
Q

What are the major structures of the endocrine system?

A

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas

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52
Q

What are the major structures of the lymphatic system?

A

spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils

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53
Q

What are the major structures of the respiratory system?

A

nasal cavities, bronchi, lungs, alveoli, larynx, trachea

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54
Q

What are the major structures of the digestive system?

A

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large/small intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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55
Q

What are the major structures of the urinary system?

A

kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder

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56
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

refers to the existence of a stable internal environment

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56
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

refers to the existence of a stable internal environment

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57
Q

Failure to maintain homeostasis leads to….

A

illness or even death

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58
Q

What is the term for the adjustment of physiological systems to maintain homeostasis?

A

homeostatic regulation

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59
Q

What are the 2 general mechanisms involved in homeostatic regulation?

A

Autoregulation (intrinsic)
Extrinsic regulation

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60
Q

What is another name for autoregulation?

A

intrinsic regulation

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61
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts its activities AUTOMATICALLY in response to an environmental change

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62
Q

Give an example of autoregulation.

A

When oxygen levels are low in a tissue, the cells release chemicals that dilate blood vessels to increase blood flow (thus providing more oxygen) to the region in need

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63
Q

What is extrinsic regulation?

A

results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system

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64
Q

What are the 2 organ systems that control the activities of other systems simultaneously?

A

nervous and endocrine

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65
Q

Give an example of extrinsic regulation

A

During exercise, nervous system commands the heart to increase its rate to circulate blood faster

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66
Q

In general, the nervous system directs what kind of responses??

A

rapid, short term, and very specific responses

67
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

releases chemical messengers called HORMONES which affect tissues and organs throughout the body

68
Q

What is an example of homeostatic regulation dependent on the endocrine system?

A

long term regulation of blood volume/composition. growth and development
adjustment of organ systems during starvation

69
Q

A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of 3 parts:

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Control center
  3. Effector
70
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change

71
Q

A control center is a _____ center

A

integration

72
Q

What does a control center do?

A

Receives and processes the information from the receptor and sends out commands

73
Q

An effector can be a _____ or _____

A

cell or organs

74
Q

What does an effector do?

A

Responds to the command of the control center whose activities either OPPOSE or ENHANCE the stimulus

75
Q

In the case of a thermostat system, what is the receptor, control center, and effector?

A

RECEPTOR - thermometer
CONTROL CENTER - thermostat
EFFECTOR - air conditioner

76
Q

Negative feedback tends to minimize _______

A

change

77
Q

A thermostat system uses what kind of feedback?

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK. effector opposes the original stimulus

78
Q

Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism?

A

Physiological systems can only function normally under carefully controlled conditions. Prevents changes in the body’s internal environment

79
Q

What is the SET POINT?

A

desired value

80
Q

MOST homeostatic regulatory mechanisms involve _____feedback

A

negative

81
Q

the control of body temperature (also called _____) is an example of ____feedback

A

thermoregulation, negative feedback

82
Q

What are the receptor(s), control center, and effector(s) involved in thermoregulation?

A

receptors = one in the skin, one within the hypothalamus

control center = hypothalamus (region in the brain)

effectors = muscle tissue in the walls of blood vessels, sweat glands

83
Q

Explain what happens when our body temperature is too hot

A

muscle tissue relaxes and blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow through vessels near the surface of the body. Sweat glands accelerate their secretion. Skin acts as a RADIATOR by losing heat to the environment. Evaporation of sweat speeds up the process

84
Q

do homeostatic mechanisms usually pay attention to minor variations?

A

NO - they instead maintain a normal range rather than staying at a fixed value

85
Q

What are 2 reasons that body temperature can vary from day to day?

A
  1. small fluctuations around the set point
  2. changes in the set point itself
86
Q

Give an example of when our “set point” of a certain temperature would change?

A

When we’re asleep, our thermoregulatory set point is lower.
When we have a fever or are outside on a hot day, it is higher

87
Q

Is the variability of set points greater within one individual or from one person to another?

A

one person to another

88
Q

What does it mean to say that homeostatic regulatory processes are DYNAMIC

A

because the set points are constantly changing with a changing environment or activity level

89
Q

Why is positive feedback so rare?

A

often produces responses that are too extreme

90
Q

When are positive feedback loops encountered?

A

When a potentially dangerous process must be completed quickly before homeostasis can be restored

91
Q

Give 2 examples of positive feedback in the human body

A

delivering a child
formation of a blood clot when there is a severe cut

92
Q

When does a DISEASE happen?

A

When an infection, injury, or genetic abnormality have effects so severe that homeostatic mechanisms cannot fully compensate for them and the internal environment is pushed outside normal limits

93
Q

What is a STATE OF EQUILIBIRUM

A

exists when opposing processes or forces are in balance

94
Q

When does a STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM exist in the case of body temperature?

A

When the rate of heat loss = rate of heat production

95
Q

When is the body said to be in a state of DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM?

A

When the body continuously adapts to changing conditions by utilizing homeostatic systems

96
Q

ALL organ systems work together to maintain ______

A

homeostasis

97
Q

Any homeostatic adjustments made by one system have ____ and _____ effects on a variety of other systems

A

direct and indirect

98
Q

Explain what happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down.

A

Organ systems function less efficiently or may even malfunction. Result is disease which could potentially lead to death

99
Q

Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but not in maintaining temperature?

A

Positive feedback is useful in processes which must be completed quickly, such as blood clotting. It tends to increase any departure from the desired condition. Positive feedback would cause a fever to spiral out of control. Negative feedback opposes any departure from the norm

100
Q

Define equilibrium.

A

Dynamic state in which two opposing forces or processes are in balance

101
Q

What is superficial anatomy?

A

Involves locating structures on or near the body surface

102
Q

What is the standard anatomical reference for the human form?

A

anatomical position

103
Q

Front view

A

anterior

104
Q

back view

A

posterior

105
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

Hands at the sides with the palms facing forward, feet together

106
Q

A person lying down in the ANATOMICAL position FACE UP is said to be ______

A

supine

107
Q

A person lying down in the ANATOMICAL position FACE DOWN is said to be _____

A

prone

108
Q

How many abdominopelvic quadrants are there for the purpose of CLINICIANS?

A

FOUR

109
Q

Where do the lines of the abdominopelvic quadrants intersect?

A

umbilicus (naval)

110
Q

For anatomists, how many ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS are there?

A

NINE

111
Q

How many sectional planes are there?

A

THREE

112
Q

What are the 3 planes?

A

Transverse (Axial)
Frontal (Coronal)
Sagittal (Lateral)

113
Q

The frontal plane extends ______, dividing into the _____ and _____portions

A

vertically, anterior and posterior

114
Q

The transverse plane divides the body ______ and divides the body into the ______and ______ portions

A

horizontally, superior and inferior portions

115
Q

The sagittal plane extends _____, dividing the body into the _____and_____ portions

A

vertically, left and right

116
Q

A cut that passes along the midline and divides the body into equal left and right halves is a ______ section

A

midsagittal (or median)

117
Q

A cut parallel to the midsagittal line is called a ______ section

A

parasagittal

118
Q

What is the purpose of anatomical terms?

A

To provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body

119
Q

Synonym for anterior

A

ventral

120
Q

Synonym for posterior

A

dorsal

121
Q

Cranial

A

the head

122
Q

Superior

A

Above

123
Q

Caudal

A

the tail

124
Q

Inferior

A

below

125
Q

medial

A

towards the midsagittal plane/ the body’s longitudal axis

126
Q

Proximal/distal

A

thigh/foot

127
Q

Superficial

A

relatively close to the body surface

128
Q

What are the 2 functions of body cavities?

A

Protect internal organs and allow them to change shape

129
Q

What body cavity appears early in embryological development?

A

ventral body cavity

130
Q

The abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities are separated by..?

A

diaphragm

131
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

a flat muscular sheet

132
Q

The internal organs enclosed or partially enclosed by the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called…?

A

viscera

133
Q

What lines the walls of the internal cavities and covers the surfaces of the enclosed viscera?

A

serous membrane

134
Q

the portion of a serous membrane that covers a VISCERAL ORGAN is known as….?

A

VISCERAL LAYER

135
Q

the opposing layer to the visceral layer that lines the inner surface of the body wall is called…?

A

parietal layer

136
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

lungs, heart, associated organs of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and lymphatic systems, inferior portions of the esophagus and thymus

137
Q

The thoracic cavity is subdivided into the left and right______ separated by a mass of tissue called the ______

A

left and right pleural cavities, mediastinum

138
Q

The serous membrane lining a pleural cavity is called a ___?

A

pleura

139
Q

What is the small chamber that surrounds the heart?

A

pericardial cavity

140
Q

The serous membrane associated with the heart is called the _____

A

pericardium

141
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity extends from the ___ to the ____

A

diaphragm to the pelvis

142
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into a superior ____ and an inferior _____

A

superior abdominal cavity, inferior pelvic cavity

143
Q

Identify the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity

A

pleural and pericardial cavities within the thoracic cavity, peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic cavities within the abdominopelvic cavity

144
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all chemical activity in the body

145
Q

What divides the ventral body cavity?

A

The diaphragm

146
Q

The peritoneal cavity is in the ____ cavity

A

abdominopelvic

147
Q

The pericardium is a _____

A

serous membrane

148
Q

Failure of homeostatic regulation in the body results in _______

A

disease

149
Q

A plane through the body that passes PERPENDICULAR to the long axis of the body and divides the body into superior and inferior section is a ……

A

TRANSVERSE section

150
Q

In which body cavity is the heart?

A

pericardial

151
Q

In which body cavity is the small and large intestine?

A

peritoneal

152
Q

In which body cavity are the lungs?

A

pleural

153
Q

In which body cavity are the kidneys?

A

abdominal

154
Q

The MEDIASTINUM is the region between….

A

The two pleural cavities (the lungs)

155
Q

Define anatomy

A

The study of internal and external body structures and the physical relationships among body parts

156
Q

Define physiology

A

The study of how organisms perform their vital functions

157
Q

The subdivisions of the ventral body cavity are located within the ____?

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

158
Q

Between autoregulation and extrinsic regulation, which causes more extensive and potentially more effective adjustments in activities?

A

EXTRINSIC regulation

159
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

body erect, hands at sides with palms facing forward

160
Q

Which sectional plane could divide the body so that the face remains intact?

A

frontal plane (coronal)

161
Q

Increased blood sugar stimulates the release of a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to store blood sugar (positive or negative feedback)

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

162
Q

A rise in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus (positive or negative feedback)

A

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

163
Q

It is a warm day and you feel a little chilled. You find your body temp is 1.5 degrees celsius below normal. suggest possible reasons for this situation

A
  1. Body may be losing heat faster than its being produced (this however is more likely to happen on a cold day)
  2. Hormones may have caused a decrease in metabolic rate and your body is not producing heat as normal
  3. Infection has temporarily changed the “set point” of the body’s thermostat. This would seem the most likely
164
Q

Serous membranes (do/do not) open to the atmosphere

A

DO NOT - mucous membranes do

165
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane directly in contact with the lung?

A

visceral pleura

166
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane NOT in direct contact with the lung?

A

parietal pleura

167
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane directly in contact with the heart?

A

visceral pericardium

168
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane NOT in contact with the heart

A

parietal pericardium

169
Q

Serous membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity are called…..

A

peritoneum

A&P Exam 1 (19 decks)

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