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A&P Exam 1 > Chapter 4 - Part 2 (Connective Tissue) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Part 2 (Connective Tissue) Flashcards

1
Q

The dense layer of the basement membrane is created by …?

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the matrix?

A

Extracellular fibers and ground substances together. Matrix surrounds the cells

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3
Q

Most of the volume of connective tissue is…..

A

the extracellular matrix

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4
Q

Are connective tissues ever exposed to the outside environment?

A

NO

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5
Q

Are connective tissues vascular? what does this mean?

A

YES - they have many blood vessels

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6
Q

Do connective tissues have sensory receptors?

A

YES

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7
Q

Name 6 features of connective tissue

A
  1. Establish a structural framework for the body
  2. Transport fluids and dissolved materials
  3. Protect delicate organs
  4. Support and interconnect other types of tissue
  5. Store energy reserves
  6. Defend the body from invading microorganisms
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8
Q

What are the 3 categories of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Fluid connective tissue
  3. Supporting connective tissue
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9
Q

Connective tissue proper is further broken down into:

A

loose connective tissues and dense connective tissues

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of fluid connective tissues?

A

blood and lymph

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of supporting connective tissue?

A

cartilage and bone

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12
Q

Because it contains mineral deposits, the matrix of bone is said to be _____

A

calcified

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13
Q

What are the stem cells in connective tissue proper?

A

mesenchymal cells

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14
Q

What cells in connective tissue proper develop into plasma cells?

A

lymphocytes

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15
Q

What are the 3 fibers in connective tissue?

A
  1. Elastic fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Collagen fibers
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16
Q

Of the 3, which of the fibers are most common in connective tissue?

A

collagen fibers

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17
Q

Of the 3, which of the fibers are most common in connective tissue?

A

collagen fibers

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18
Q

What property of ground substance makes it hard for bacteria to move in?

A

very dense due to the presence of proteoglycans and glycoproteins

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19
Q

What is another name for embryonic connective tissue?

A

mesenchyme

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20
Q

Which connective tissue is the first to appear in an embryo and produces ALL OTHER connective tissues?

A

Mesenchyme

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21
Q

Besides mesenchyme, what is the other embryonic connective tissue?

A

mucous connective tissue

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22
Q

Do embryonic connective tissues remain in the body through adulthood?

A

NO but mesenchymal stem cells assist in tissue repair after an injury

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23
Q

Name 4 kinds of loose connective tissue

A
  1. mucous connective tissue in embryos
  2. Areolar tissue
  3. Adipose tissue
  4. Reticular tissue
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24
Q

What is the LEAST SPECIALIZED connective tissue?

A

areolar tissue

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25
Q

Which tissue has an extensive blood supply and is a common injection site for drugs?

A

areolar tissue

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26
Q

Most of the adipose tissue in the body is called….

A

white fat

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27
Q

Why is fat brown in infants and young children?

A

Highly vascularized and contains numerous mitochondria

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28
Q

What is a liposuction?

A

Unwanted adipose tissue is surgically removed

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29
Q

What does it mean to say “the parenchyma of these organs”

A

refers to the “functional cells” of these organs

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30
Q

Most of the volume of dense connective tissues is occupied by _____

A

fibers

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31
Q

The body has 2 types of dense connective tissues:

A

dense regular connective tissues and dense irregular connective tissues

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32
Q

In dense regular connective tissue, collage fibers….

A

are parallel to each other and packed tightly

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33
Q

What are tendons?

A

cords of DENSE REGULAR connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bone

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34
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

tendinous sheet that attaches a flat muscle to another muscle or several bones

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35
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

tendinous sheet that attaches a flat muscle to another muscle or several bones

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36
Q

The fibers in dense IRREGULAR connective tissue have…

A

no consistent pattern

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37
Q

Which gives skin its stregth - dense regular or irregular?

A

irregular

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38
Q

Dense irregular/regular - which forms a thick fibrous layer called a capsule?

A

irregular

39
Q

What does a capsule do?

A

surrounds internal organs and encloses the cavities of jointd

40
Q

Is elastic tissue dense irregular or regular?

A

regular

41
Q

In blood, the watery matrix is called ______

A

plasma

42
Q

plasma contains…

A

blood cells and fragments of cells

43
Q

These “blood cells and fragments of cells” are collectively called….

A

formed elements

44
Q

What are the 3 types of formed elements?

A

white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets

45
Q

What are the 3 major subdivisions of extracellular fluid?

A

plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid

46
Q

Arteries carry blood ___from the heart and into ____

A

away from the heart and into the tissues of the body

47
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels?

A

capillaries

48
Q

List the 3 categories of connective tissues

A

connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, supporting connective tissues

49
Q

Identify the populations of cells found in connective tissue proper

A

adipocytes
fibroblasts
lymphocytes
macrophages
mast cells
melanocytes
mesenchymal cells
microphages

50
Q

Reduced collage resulting from a lack of vitamin C would have what effect on connective tissue?

A

connective tissue would be weak and prone to damage

51
Q

Which 2 cells in connective tissue produce histamine?

A

mast cells and basophils

52
Q

Which type of connective tissue primarily contains triglycerides?

A

adipose tissue

53
Q

Which 2 types of connective tissue have a fluid matrix?

A

blood and lymph

54
Q

The matrix of cartilage is a firm gel that contains polysaccharide derivatives called…

A

chondroitin sulfates

55
Q

Cartilage cells are also called

A

chondrocytes

56
Q

Chondrocytes occupy small chambers called…

A

lacunae

57
Q

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

58
Q

Why is cartilage avascular?

A

Because of a chemical named antiangiogenesis factor

59
Q

Cartilage is set apart from surrounding tissues by a fibrous…

A

perichondrium

60
Q

The perichondrium has 2 layers:

A

outer, fibrous layer (for strength)
inner, cellular layer (for growth and maintenance)

61
Q

What are the 3 major types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
62
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

63
Q

Is the volume of ground substance in bone large or small?

A

small

64
Q

The matrix of bone consists of….

A

calcium phosphate
calcium carbonate
collagen fibers

65
Q

Lacunae in the matrix of bone contain…..

A

osteocytes

66
Q

Compare the demand for oxygen in bones and cartilage

A

demand for oxygen is high in bones but low in cartilage

67
Q

Compare the repair capabilities in bone and cartilage

A

bone has extensive repair capabilities while cartilage has limited

68
Q

Compare the fibers in bone and cartilage

A

bone - collagen fibers predominate
cartilage - collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

69
Q

Compare the vascularity in cartilage and bone

A

bone - extensive
cartilage - AVASCULAR

70
Q

Identify the 2 types of supporting connective tissue

A

cartilage and bone

71
Q

Why does bone heal faster than cartilage?

A

Unlike cartilage, bone has a direct blood supply which is necessary for proper and rapid healing to occurq

72
Q

If a person has a herniated intervertebral disc, which type of cartilage has been damaged?

A

fibrocartilage

73
Q

What are 4 epithelium membranes supported by connective tissue?

A
  1. Serous membranes
  2. Mucous membranes
  3. Cutaneous membranes
  4. Synovial membranes
74
Q

Mucous membranes line passages that….

A

communicate with the exterior

75
Q

The areolar tissue component of a mucous membrane is called the…

A

lamina propria

76
Q

Serous membranes line the…

A

sealed, internal subdivisions of the ventral body cavity

77
Q

What are the 3 types of serous membranes?

A
  1. Pleura
  2. Pericardium
  3. Peritoneum
78
Q

Are serous membranes thin or thick?

A

thin

79
Q

Each serous membrane can be divided into….

A

parietal portion
visceral portion

80
Q

What is the fluid formed on the surface of a serous membrane called and what is the purpose?

A

transudate - just enough of it to prevent friction between the walls of cavities and the surfaces of internal organs

81
Q

The cutaneous membrane is also called…

A

the skin

82
Q

The skin consists of..

A

stratified squamous epithelium and a layer of areolar tissue reinforced by connective tissue

83
Q

Is the cutaneous membrane thin or thick in relation to the serous and mucous membranes?

A

thick

84
Q

Synovial membranes line…..

A

joint cavities

85
Q

Which cavities in the body are lined by serous membranes?

A

PLEURAL
PERICARDIAL
PERITONEAL

86
Q

Which type of membrane is a nasal cavity

A

mucous membrane

87
Q

What are fasciae?

A

connective tissue layers that support and surround organs

88
Q

The fasciae is divided into 3 layers:

A
  1. Superficial fascia
  2. deep fascia
  3. subserous fascia
89
Q

The superficial fasciae is also called the…..

A

hypodermis

90
Q

the DEEP FASCIA consists of…….

A

dense IRREGULAR connective tissue

91
Q

Describe the organization of fibers in the deep fascia

A

resembles plywood. In each layer, all the fibers run in the same direction, but the orientation of the fibers changes layer to layer

92
Q

The subserous fascia is a layer of ____ tissue that lies between the ____ and the _____

A

areolar tissue, lies between the serous membranes of body cavities and the deep fascia

93
Q

A sheet of tissue has many layers of collagen fibers that run in different directions in successive layers. Which type of tissue is this?

A

deep fascia (dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to skin and bones)

A&P Exam 1 (19 decks)

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