Chapter 4 - Review

Question 1

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a relatively limited number of functions are called…

Answer 1

tissues

Question 2

What is the type of tissue specialized for contraction?

Answer 2

muscle tissue

Question 3

What is the cell junction common in cardiac and smooth muscle?

Answer 3

gap junctions

Question 4

What is the most abundant kind of junction in SUPERFICIAL layers of the skin?

Answer 4

desmosomes

Question 5

Which of the 4 kinds of membranes has an epithelium that is stratified and supported by dense connective tissue?

Answer 5

cutaneous membrane

Question 6

Mucous secretions that coat the passageways of the digestive and respiratory tracts result from what kind of secretion? (merocrine, apocrine, holocrine)

Answer 6

merocrine

Question 7

MATRIX is characteristic of which tissue?

Answer 7

connective tissue

Question 8

Name 3 functions of connective tissue

Answer 8

-Establishing a structural framework for the body
-Storing energy reserves
-protection for delicate organs

Question 9

Which epithelia most easily permits diffusion?

Answer 9

Simple squamous

Question 10

What are the 3 major types of cartilage in the body?

Answer 10

-Hyaline
-Fibrous
-Elastic

Question 11

What is the primary function of serous membranes in the body?

Answer 11

minimize friction between opposing surfaces

Question 12

What is the type of cartilage growth characterized by adding new layers of cartilage to the surface?

Answer 12

appositional growth

Question 13

Can tissue changes with age result from improper nutrition?

Answer 13

YES

Question 14

Can tissue changes with age result from increased need for sleep?

Answer 14

NO

Question 15

Can tissue changes with age result from hormonal changes?

Answer 15

YES

Question 16

What are the 3 structural features of a neuron cell?

Answer 16

axon, dendrites, cell body

Question 17

The response to tissue injury involves…..

Answer 17

Inflammation and regeneration

Question 18

What are the 4 essential functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 18

-Physical protection
-Controls permeability
-Provides sensations
-Produces specialized secretions

Question 19

Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands

Answer 19

endocrine glands secrete hormones onto the surface of the gland or directly into the surrounding fluid.
Exocrine glands secrete via ducts

Question 20

By what 3 methods do various glandular epithelial cells release their secretions?

Answer 20

merocrine secretion, apocrine secretion, holocrine secretion

Question 21

List 3 basic components of connective tissue

Answer 21

-Specialized cells
-Extracellular protein fibers
-Fluid ground substance

Question 22

What are the 4 kinds of membranes composed of epithelial tissue and connective tissue that cover and protect other structures and tissues inside the body?

Answer 22

-Serous membranes
-Mucous membranes
-Cutaneous membranes
-Synovial membranes

Question 23

What 2 cell populations make up neural tissue? What is the function of each?

Answer 23

-Neurons - transmit electrical impulses in the form of charges in the transmembrane potential

neuroglia - comprise several kinds of supporting cells and play a role in providing nutrients to neurons

Question 24

Endocrine secretions are also called—-

Answer 24

hormones

Question 25

Which (endocrine or exocrine secretions) use a duct?

Answer 25

exocrine

Question 26

Where are endocrine secretions secreted?

Answer 26

into surrounding tissues which diffuse through the bloodstream to other parts of the body

Question 27

Why are tight junctions in the digestive tract so important?

Answer 27

In the digestive tract, these tight junctions keep enzymes, acids, and waste products from damaging delicate underlying tissues

Question 28

What do tight junctions do?

Answer 28

Block the passage of water or solutes between cells

Question 29

Describe the fluid connective tissues in the human body. What are the main differences between fluid connective tissues and supporting connective tissues?

Answer 29

Fluid connective tissues have a liquid, watery matrix. They differ from supporting connective tissues in that they have many soluble proteins in the matrix and they do NOT include insoluble fibers

Question 30

Specifically, what are the fluid connective tissues?

Answer 30

Blood and lymph

Question 31

Specifically, what are the supporting connective tissues?

Answer 31

Bone and cartilage

Question 32

Why are infections always a serious threat after a severe burn or injury?

Answer 32

The connections between cells formed by junctions, proteoglycans, and physical interlocking hold skin cells together and can deny access to chemicals or pathogens that cover their free surfaces. If the skin is broken and the connections are damaged, infection can easily occur

Question 33

What 3 things can form connections between cells?

Answer 33

-Junctions -Proteoglycans -Physical interlocking

Question 34

A layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that prevents the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to the epithelium describes what structure??

Answer 34

The basement membrane

Question 35

Why does damaged cartilage heal slowly?

Answer 35

Cartilage is avascular, so nutrients and other molecules must diffuse to the site of injury

Question 36

List the similarities and differences among the 3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 36

Similarities: Actin and myosin interactions produce contractions, calcium ions trigger and sustain contractions Differences: Skeletal muscles are large, multinucleated, striated, and contract only under neural stimulation Cardiac muscles have 1-5 nuclei, interconnected in a branching network, and contract in response to pacemaker cell activity Smooth muscles are small, spindle shaped, nonstriated, and have only one nucleus

Question 37

How could you determine whether a secretion was merocrine or apocrine?

Answer 37

Test for the presence of phospholipids in plasma membranes. merocrine secretions do not contain a portion of the secreting cell, so it would lack membrane constituents

Question 38

Observation: tissue is composed of densely packed protein fibers that are running parallel and form a cord. No striations, but small nuclei are visible. What tissue is it?

Answer 38

tendon (dense connective tissue). The small nuclei observed are probably from fibroblasts

Question 39

What is the body's first response to injury?

Answer 39

Inflammation

Question 40

Someone spills a caustic chemical on their arm. What changes in the characteristic of the skin would he observe, and what would cause these changes?

Answer 40

red, heat, swelling, pain These changes would occur as a result of inflammation. Injury to the epithelium and connective tissue would trigger the release of chemicals such as histamine and heparin from mast cells in the area which would initiate these observed changes