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A&P Exam 1 > Chapter 4 - Review > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Review Flashcards

1
Q

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a relatively limited number of functions are called…

A

tissues

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2
Q

What is the type of tissue specialized for contraction?

A

muscle tissue

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3
Q

What is the cell junction common in cardiac and smooth muscle?

A

gap junctions

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4
Q

What is the most abundant kind of junction in SUPERFICIAL layers of the skin?

A

desmosomes

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5
Q

Which of the 4 kinds of membranes has an epithelium that is stratified and supported by dense connective tissue?

A

cutaneous membrane

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6
Q

Mucous secretions that coat the passageways of the digestive and respiratory tracts result from what kind of secretion? (merocrine, apocrine, holocrine)

A

merocrine

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7
Q

MATRIX is characteristic of which tissue?

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

Name 3 functions of connective tissue

A

-Establishing a structural framework for the body
-Storing energy reserves
-protection for delicate organs

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9
Q

Which epithelia most easily permits diffusion?

A

Simple squamous

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10
Q

What are the 3 major types of cartilage in the body?

A

-Hyaline
-Fibrous
-Elastic

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11
Q

What is the primary function of serous membranes in the body?

A

minimize friction between opposing surfaces

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12
Q

What is the type of cartilage growth characterized by adding new layers of cartilage to the surface?

A

appositional growth

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13
Q

Can tissue changes with age result from improper nutrition?

A

YES

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14
Q

Can tissue changes with age result from increased need for sleep?

A

NO

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15
Q

Can tissue changes with age result from hormonal changes?

A

YES

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16
Q

What are the 3 structural features of a neuron cell?

A

axon, dendrites, cell body

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17
Q

The response to tissue injury involves…..

A

Inflammation and regeneration

18
Q

What are the 4 essential functions of epithelial tissue?

A

-Physical protection
-Controls permeability
-Provides sensations
-Produces specialized secretions

19
Q

Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

endocrine glands secrete hormones onto the surface of the gland or directly into the surrounding fluid.
Exocrine glands secrete via ducts

20
Q

By what 3 methods do various glandular epithelial cells release their secretions?

A

merocrine secretion, apocrine secretion, holocrine secretion

21
Q

List 3 basic components of connective tissue

A

-Specialized cells
-Extracellular protein fibers
-Fluid ground substance

22
Q

What are the 4 kinds of membranes composed of epithelial tissue and connective tissue that cover and protect other structures and tissues inside the body?

A

-Serous membranes
-Mucous membranes
-Cutaneous membranes
-Synovial membranes

23
Q

What 2 cell populations make up neural tissue? What is the function of each?

A

-Neurons - transmit electrical impulses in the form of charges in the transmembrane potential

neuroglia - comprise several kinds of supporting cells and play a role in providing nutrients to neurons

24
Q

Endocrine secretions are also called—-

A

hormones

25
Q

Which (endocrine or exocrine secretions) use a duct?

A

exocrine

26
Q

Where are endocrine secretions secreted?

A

into surrounding tissues which diffuse through the bloodstream to other parts of the body

27
Q

Why are tight junctions in the digestive tract so important?

A

In the digestive tract, these tight junctions keep enzymes, acids, and waste products from damaging delicate underlying tissues

28
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

Block the passage of water or solutes between cells

29
Q

Describe the fluid connective tissues in the human body. What are the main differences between fluid connective tissues and supporting connective tissues?

A

Fluid connective tissues have a liquid, watery matrix. They differ from supporting connective tissues in that they have many soluble proteins in the matrix and they do NOT include insoluble fibers

30
Q

Specifically, what are the fluid connective tissues?

A

Blood and lymph

31
Q

Specifically, what are the supporting connective tissues?

A

Bone and cartilage

32
Q

Why are infections always a serious threat after a severe burn or injury?

A

The connections between cells formed by junctions, proteoglycans, and physical interlocking hold skin cells together and can deny access to chemicals or pathogens that cover their free surfaces. If the skin is broken and the connections are damaged, infection can easily occur

33
Q

What 3 things can form connections between cells?

A

-Junctions
-Proteoglycans
-Physical interlocking

34
Q

A layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that prevents the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to the epithelium describes what structure??

A

The basement membrane

35
Q

Why does damaged cartilage heal slowly?

A

Cartilage is avascular, so nutrients and other molecules must diffuse to the site of injury

36
Q

List the similarities and differences among the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Similarities: Actin and myosin interactions produce contractions, calcium ions trigger and sustain contractions

Differences: Skeletal muscles are large, multinucleated, striated, and contract only under neural stimulation

Cardiac muscles have 1-5 nuclei, interconnected in a branching network, and contract in response to pacemaker cell activity

Smooth muscles are small, spindle shaped, nonstriated, and have only one nucleus

37
Q

How could you determine whether a secretion was merocrine or apocrine?

A

Test for the presence of phospholipids in plasma membranes. merocrine secretions do not contain a portion of the secreting cell, so it would lack membrane constituents

38
Q

Observation: tissue is composed of densely packed protein fibers that are running parallel and form a cord. No striations, but small nuclei are visible. What tissue is it?

A

tendon (dense connective tissue). The small nuclei observed are probably from fibroblasts

39
Q

What is the body’s first response to injury?

A

Inflammation

40
Q

Someone spills a caustic chemical on their arm. What changes in the characteristic of the skin would he observe, and what would cause these changes?

A

red, heat, swelling, pain
These changes would occur as a result of inflammation. Injury to the epithelium and connective tissue would trigger the release of chemicals such as histamine and heparin from mast cells in the area which would initiate these observed changes

A&P Exam 1 (19 decks)

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