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A&P Exam 1 > Chapter 4 - Part 1 (epithelia and intro) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Part 1 (epithelia and intro) Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial tissue includes _____ and ______

A

epithelia and glands

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1
Q

Epithelial tissue includes _____ and ______

A

epithelia and glands

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2
Q

What is an epithelium?

A

an avascular layer of cells that forms a barrier and regulates permeability

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3
Q

What are glands?

A

Structures that produce fluid secretions (either attached to or derived from epithelia)

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4
Q

What kind of passageways does epithelia line?

A

All passageways that communicate with the outside world

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5
Q

Give some examples of tracts that epithelia line

A

Digestive, urinary, reproductive

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6
Q

Name 5 important characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

-cellularity
-polarity
-attachment
-avascularity
-regeneration

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7
Q

Explain “cellularity”

A

epithelia are composed almost entirely of cells bound closely by junctions

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8
Q

explain “polarity”

A

many structural and functional differences between the exposed (apical) and attached (basal) surfaces

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9
Q

explain “attachment”

A

the base of an epithelium is bound to a basement membrane

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10
Q

what is another name for the basement membrane

A

basal lamina

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11
Q

explain “avascularity”

A

epithelia lack blood vessels

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12
Q

how do epithelial cells obtain nutrients if they’re avascular?

A

by diffusion or absorption across either their exposed or attached surface

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13
Q

explain “regeneration”

A

epithelial cells that are damaged or lost at the exposed surface are continuously replaced through STEM CELL DIVISIONS

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14
Q

The rates of replacement are _____ in epithelial tissue than other tissues

A

HIGHER

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15
Q

Name 4 FUNCTIONS of epithelial tissue

A

-Provide physical protection
-Provide sensation
-Control permeability
-Produce specialized secretions

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16
Q

“control permeability”……. how can the epithelial barrier be modified in response to stimuli???

A

-hormones can affect the transport of ions and nutrients
-physical stress can alter the structure of epithelia (calluses on hand)

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17
Q

“provide sensation”…….. what is the epithelium called that is specialized to perform sensory function?

A

neuroepithelium

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18
Q

Epithelial cells that produce secretions are called..?

A

gland cells

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19
Q

What is the name for the epithelium in which most or all of the epithelial cells produce secretions?

A

glandular epithelium

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20
Q

Secretions can do 2 things:

A

-Be discharged to the surface of the epithelium
-Released into the surrounding interstitial fluid or blood

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21
Q

When secretions are discharged to the surface of the epithelium, what is the purpose?

A

To provide physical protection or temperature regulation

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22
Q

When secretions are released into surrounding interstitial fluid and blood, what is the purpose???

A

to act as chemical messengers

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23
Q

Many epithelial cells that line internal passageways have _____on their exposed surfaces

A

microvilli

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24
Q

Microvilli are especially prominent along which 2 tracts? why?

A

digestive and urinary
absorption and secretion is prominent in these 2 tracts

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25
Q

The epithelial cells with microvilli have how many times more surface area than cells that lack it?

A

20 TIMES

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26
Q

The epithelial cell is divided into 2 functional regions:

A

-Apical surface
-Basolateral surface

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27
Q

How are substances moved over the epithelial surface?

A

By the synchronous beating of cilia

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28
Q

Which tract has cilia?

A

respiratory

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29
Q

A typical ciliated cell contains about ____ cilia

A

250

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30
Q

How can the cilia in the respiratory tract be damaged?

A

abrasion or exposure to toxic compounds (nicotine, carbon monoxide)

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31
Q

What are the 3 factors that help maintain the physical integrity of an epithelium?

A
  1. Intercellular connections
  2. Attachment to the basement membrane
  3. Epithelial maintenance and repair
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32
Q

Epithelial cells are specialists in ______ connection

A

intercellular

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33
Q

Large areas of opposing plasma membranes are interconnected by __________proteins called _______

A

transmembrane proteins called CAMs (cell adhesion molecules)

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34
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

specialized areas of the plasma membrane that attach a cell to another cell or extracellular material

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35
Q

What are the 3 most common types of cell junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Gap junctions
  3. desmosomes
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36
Q

What is the lumen?

A

The space inside a tube (for example the intestinal tract)

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37
Q

What do tight junctions do in relation to the lumen?

A

tight junctions isolate the contents of the lumen from the basolateral surfaces of the cell

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38
Q

How are TIGHT junctions bound together?

A

the lipid portions of the plasma membrane interlock their membrane proteins

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39
Q

How are cells held together at GAP junctions

A

two interlocking transmembrane proteins called CONNEXONS

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40
Q

What kind of proteins are connexons? What does this allow them to do?

A

They’re channel proteins which allows small molecules and ions to pass from cell to cell

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41
Q

In which other tissues are gap junctions common?

A

cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

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42
Q

Which junctions are very strong to resist stretching and twisting?

A

desmosomes?

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43
Q

Which junctions are very strong to resist stretching and twisting?

A

desmosomes

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44
Q

How are desmosomes connected?

A

CAMs and proteoglycans link the plasma membranes of adjacent cells

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45
Q

What connection gives the desmosome its remarkable strength?

A

a “dense area” connected to the cytoskeleton in each cell

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46
Q

What are the 2 kinds of desmosomes?

A

hemidesmosomes and spot desmosomes

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47
Q

Describe the structure and function of spot desmosomes

A

small discs connected to bands of intermediate filaments. Helps maintain shape of the cell

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48
Q

Describe the structure and function of hemidesmosomes

A

Resemble half of a spot desmosome. Attaches a cell to extracellular filaments in the base - NOT one cell to another. Helps stabilize position of the cell and anchor it to underlying tissues

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49
Q

The basement membrane has 2 parts. What are they?

A

clear layer and dense layer

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50
Q

What does the clear layer contain?

A

glycoproteins and fine protein filaments

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51
Q

Is the clear layer below or above the dense layer?

A

above

52
Q

What is the function of the clear layer?

A

prevent the movement of proteins and large molecules from the connective tissue into the epithelium

53
Q

What does the dense layer contain?

A

coarse protein fibers produced by the connective tissue cells

54
Q

Which layer gives the basement membrane its strength - clear or dense layer?

A

dense layer

55
Q

Which desmosomes attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane?

A

hemidesmosomes

56
Q

Which layer of the basement membrane acts as a filter between adjacent cells and the epithelium?

A

dense layer

57
Q

Adhesion belts are where in relation to tight junctions?

A

inferior to (below)

58
Q

The only way the epithelium can maintain its structure over time is by..?

A

the division of stem cells

59
Q

Where are most epithelial stem cells located?

A

near the basement membrane

60
Q

What is another name for epithelial stem cells?

A

germinative cells

61
Q

What is the probable function of an epithelial surface whose cells bear many microvilli?

A

absorption or secretion. microvilli increase the surface area available for absorption and secretion

62
Q

What do gap junctions help to do?

A

the beating of cilia
the coordination of muscle contractions in cardiac and smooth muscle tissue

(allows small molecules and ions to pass from cell to cell)

63
Q

What are the 2 categories in which we classify epithelia?

A
  1. The cell shape
  2. The number of cell layers between the basement membrane and the exposed surface of the epithelium
64
Q

What are the 3 epithelial cell shapes?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

65
Q

What are the 2 options for the number of cell layers?

A

simple or stratified

66
Q

Where are simple epithelium found in the body? why?

A

Because they are so thin and do not provide much protection, they are only found in protected areas of the body such as lining internal compartments and passageways such as ventral body cavities, heart chambers, and blood vessels

67
Q

Simple epithelia are also found in regions where _____ or _____ take place. Why?

A

absorption or secretion because they are so thin so time is reduced for materials to cross the epithelial barrier. (intestines, lungs)

68
Q

Where are stratified epithelium generally located?

A

in areas exposed to mechanical or chemical tress such as the surface of the skin and lining of the mouth

69
Q

Describe the structure of squamous epithelium

A

thin, flat, and somewhat irregular in shape

70
Q

What is the most delicate type of epithelium?

A

simple squamous

71
Q

In general, where is simple squamous epithelium located?

A

protected areas where absorption or diffusion takes place

72
Q

Name some specific places where simple squamous epithelium is found

A

alveoli, lining of the ventral body cavities, lining of the heart and blood vessels

73
Q

Why are SMOOTH linings so important?

A

any irregularity in the lining of a blood vessel could form a clot

74
Q

The simple squamous epithelium that lines the ventral body cavities is called….

A

mesothelium

75
Q

The simple squamous epithelium lining the inner surface of the heart and blood vessels is called….

A

endothelium

76
Q

Where are STRATIFIED squamous epithelium generally located?

A

Places of mechanical stress such as the surface of the skin and lining of the mouth, anus, esophagys

77
Q

stratified squamous epithelia can be un______ or_______

A

UNKERATINIZED OR KERATINIZED

78
Q

Where are KERATINIZED stratified squamous epithelia found?

A

EXPOSED body surfaces

79
Q

Where are UNkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia found?

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina

80
Q

What is an important characteristic of unkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia??

A

will resist abrasion, but will dry out unless kept moist

81
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium provide….

A

limited protection and are found in places where secretion or absorption takes place

82
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium are….

A

relatively rare. found in the ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands

83
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found and why is it given that name?

A

the appearance of this epithelium changes when it’s stretched, but returns to normal shape when recoiled.
found in the urinary bladder

84
Q

unstretched, the transitional epithelium cells appear ______ but when stretched they appear______

A

unstretched - plump and cuboidal
stretched- appear stratified squamous

85
Q

Simple columnar epithelium are generally found where?

A

places where absorption or secretion occurs. small/large intestine, stomach

86
Q

what is the unique type of columnar epithelium?

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

87
Q

Why is pseudo stratified columnar epithelium given that name?

A

the distances between nuclei and exposed surfaces vary, so it appears to be stratified, but in reality all cells are attached to the basement membrane

88
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium possess….

A

cilia

89
Q

where in the body are pseudostratified epithelia found?

A

parts of male reproductive tract, bronchi, trachea, nasal cavity

90
Q

What is the name for the glands that release secretions into the interstitial fluid?

A

endocrine glands

91
Q

What is the name for the glands that release secretions into passageways (called ducts) that open onto an epithelial surface??

A

exocrine glands

92
Q

What are endocrine glands secretions called?

A

hormones

93
Q

What are 2 examples of endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland

94
Q

Endocrine glands are also called?

A

ductless glands

95
Q

Most exocrine glands release their secretions through….

A

tubular ducts

96
Q

What are some examples of exocrine secretions?

A

tears from the eyes, perspiration on the skin, milk produced by mammary glands

97
Q

How are exocrine glands classified?

A

Their mode of secretion

98
Q

What are the 3 modes of secretion?

A
  1. Merocrine
  2. Apocrine
  3. Holocrine
99
Q

What is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland?

A

goblet cell

100
Q

What happens in merocrine secretions?

A

Product is released by secretory vesicles in exocytosis

101
Q

Which is the most common mode of secretion? (merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine)

A

merocrine

102
Q

Which type of secretion forms mucus?

A

merocrine

103
Q

Give 2 examples of merocrine glands in the body

A

sweat glands
salivary glands

104
Q

What happens in apocrine secretion??

A

Involves the loss of the cytoplasm and secretory product. The apical portion is packed with the secretory product and then shed

105
Q

What is an example of a mix of merocrine and apocrine gland in the body??

A

mammary gland

106
Q

What happens in holocrine secretion?

A

The entire cell becomes packed with secretory product and bursts

107
Q

Since holocrine secretion destroys the cell, how can further secretion take place?

A

the division of stem cells to produce new cells

108
Q

What is an example of a holocrine gland in the body??

A

sebaceous glands - hair follicles that produce an oily hair coating

109
Q

Besides modes of secretion, how else are exocrine glands classified?

A

Type of secretion produced

110
Q

What are the 3 TYPES OF SECRETION PRODUCED?

A

-Mucous glands
-Serous glands
-Mixed exocrine glands

111
Q

What do serous glands secrete?

A

Watery solution that contains enzymes

112
Q

What do mucous glands secrete?

A

mucins that hydrate to form mucous

113
Q

What do mixed exocrine glands secrete?

A

two different secretions: serous and mucous

114
Q

Besides mode and type, how else are exocrine glands classified?

A

Gland structure

115
Q

What are goblet cells and what do they secrete?

A

The ONLY unicellular exocrine glands in the body. Secrete mucins

116
Q

What are the 3 characteristics used to describe the structure of multicellular exocrine glands

A
  1. Structure of the duct
  2. Shape of the secretory portion of the gland
  3. Relationship between ducts and glandular areas
117
Q

The skin has what kind of epithelium??

A

stratified squamous epithelium

118
Q

Why can’t the skin have simple squamous epithelium?

A

Not enough protection against infection, abrasion, and dehydration

119
Q

Why do the pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina have a similar epithelial organization?

A

All are subject to mechanical trauma and abrasion

120
Q

Name the 2 primary types of glandular epithelia.

A

endocrine and exocrine

121
Q

sebaceous glands exhibit ______ secretion

A

holocrine

122
Q

Which type of gland releases its secretions directly into the extracellular fluid?

A

endocrine

123
Q

Transitional epithelium can either be ___ or ____

A

stretched or relaxed

124
Q

When relaxed, what do the cells of transitional epithelium look like?

A

rounded - ciboidal appearance

125
Q

When stretched, the cells of transitional look like..

A

squamous

126
Q

Where are transitional epithelium found?

A

the urinary tract

127
Q

The epidermis consists of _____ed _____ _____ cells

A

keratinized stratified squamous

A&P Exam 1 (19 decks)

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