Chapter 4 - Part 3

Question 1

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 1

-Skeletal
-Cardiac
-Smooth

Question 2

Muscle tissue is specialized for ______

Answer 2

contraction

Question 3

What can you say about the size of skeletal muscle tissue cells?

Answer 3

They are very large - up to 0.3m (1 foot) in length

Question 4

Skeletal muscle cells can also be called ____. Why?

Answer 4

muscle fibers because they are long and slender

Question 5

Are skeletal muscle cells capable of dividng?

Answer 5

NO

Question 6

Since they’re not capable of dividing, how are new muscle fibers produced?

Answer 6

through the division of MYOSATELLITE CELLS (stem cells)

Question 7

Skeletal muscle is called ____ _____ muscle

Answer 7

striated voluntary

Question 8

A cardiac muscle cell is also called..

Answer 8

A cardiocyte

Question 9

A typical cardiac muscle cell has ____nuclei(us)

Answer 9

1 but some have 5

Question 10

Cardiac muscles are connected to each other at regions known as ______

Answer 10

intercalated discs

Question 11

Can cardiac muscle cells repair themselves?

Answer 11

Very limited ability. Some do divide after an injury to the heart but the repair is usually incomplete and heart function is losy

Question 12

How do cardiac muscle cells start a contraction?

Answer 12

By pacemaker cells. they DO NOT rely on nerve activity

Question 13

Cardiac muscle is said to be _____ ____ muscle

Answer 13

striated involuntary

Question 14

Smooth muscle tissue is located—-

Answer 14

in the walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs, and in layers around some tracts

Question 15

Can smooth muscle cells divide?

Answer 15

yes! they can repair after an injury

Question 16

Describe the structure of a smooth muscle cell.

Answer 16

small, spindle shaped cell with tapering cells and a SINGLE oval nucleus

Question 17

Does smooth muscle tissue have striations?

Answer 17

NO

Question 18

Smooth muscle is known as ____ ____ muscle

Answer 18

nonstriated involuntary

Question 19

Which types of muscle tissue are striated and which are unstriated

Answer 19

striated: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle
unstriated: smooth muscle

Question 20

If skeletal muscle cells in adults are incapable of dividing, how is skeletal muscle repaired?

Answer 20

By the division and fusion of myosatellite cells which are mesenchymal cells that persist in adult skeletal muscle tissue

Question 21

Neural tissue is specialized for….

Answer 21

the conduction of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another

Question 22

What % of neural tissue in the body is concentrated in the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 22

98%

Question 23

What are the control centers of the nervous system?

Answer 23

brain and spinal cord

Question 24

Nervous tissue contains 2 basic types of cells:

Answer 24

1. Neurons
2. Neuroglia

Question 25

What is the function of neuroglia?

Answer 25

Support and repair neural tissue and supply nutrients to neurons

Question 26

What are the longest cells in our body?

Answer 26

NEURONS

Question 27

Can neurons divide?

Answer 27

most cannot divide - very limited injury repair

Question 28

Describe the structure of a neuron

Answer 28

large cell body with a large nucleus and nucleolus. Dendrites branch from the cell body and one axon

Question 29

What is the function of the dendrites?

Answer 29

receive information, typically from other neurons

Question 30

What is the function of the axon?

Answer 30

conduct the information received by dendrites to other cells

Question 31

Axons, because they tend to be long and slender, are also called----

Answer 31

nerve fibers

Question 32

A tissue contains irregularly shaped cells with many fibrous projections, some several cm long. This is probably which kind of cell?

Answer 32

moat likely neurons

Question 33

What does necrosis mean?

Answer 33

the tissue deconstruction that occurs after cells have been damaged or killed

Question 34

How long after the original injury does necrosis occur?

Answer 34

several hours later

Question 35

Which organelle actually causes the damage to destroy injured cells?

Answer 35

lysosomes through autolysis

Question 36

What exactly do the lysosomes attack?

Answer 36

first, they destroy the injured cells and then attack surrounding tissues

Question 37

What results from the lysosomes attacking the cells and tissues?

Answer 37

accumulation of debris - pus

Question 38

An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is called----

Answer 38

an abscess

Question 39

Which tissues regenerate well?

Answer 39

smooth muscle tissue, epithelial and connective tissue

Question 40

When the heart is damaged, the connective tissue is repaired but cardiac muscle cells are replaced only by _____.

Answer 40

fibrous tissue

Question 41

What is fibrosis?

Answer 41

the permanent replacement of normal tissues by fibrous tissues

Question 42

Fibrosis may occur in response to....

Answer 42

injury, disease, or aging

Question 43

What are the 2 phases in response to tissue injury?

Answer 43

inflammation and regeneration

Question 44

Identify some age-related factors that affect tissue repair and structure

Answer 44

-speed and effectiveness of tissue repair decrease -rate of energy consumption declines -hormonal activity is altered -other factors contribute to changes in structure and composition

Question 45

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 45

heat, pain, redness, swelling

Question 46

What 3 things do mast cells release in response to injury?

Answer 46

histamine heparin prostaglandins

Question 47

Inflammation can be triggered by ____or_____

Answer 47

trauma or infection

Question 48

What is the tissue's first response to injury?

Answer 48

inflammation

Question 49

What is the process called that stimulates inflammation?

Answer 49

mast cell activation