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A&P Exam 1 > Chapter 5 - Part 1 - Epidermis > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Part 1 - Epidermis Flashcards

1
Q

The integumentary system accounts for around what % of your body weight?

A

16

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2
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense?

A

The integumentary system

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3
Q

What are the 2 major components of the integumentary system?

A

The cutaneous membrane (skin) and the accessory structures

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4
Q

The cutaneous membrane has __ components:

A

2 components: Epidermis (superficial epithelium) and dermis (underlying area of connective tissue)

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5
Q

What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system and where are they located?

A

hair, skin, nails, multicellular exocrine glands. Primarily located in the dermis and protrude through the epidermis to the skin surface

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6
Q

Does the integument function in isolation?

A

NO

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7
Q

The hypodermis is also known by which 2 other names?

A

subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia

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8
Q

What other things help the integument perform its functions?

A

-network of blood vessels in the dermis
-sensory receptors

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9
Q

The hypodermis is made up of what kind of tissue?

A

loose connective tissue

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10
Q

What does to hypodermis separate?

A

separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs (such as muscles and bones)

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11
Q

What are the general functions of the skin and hypodermis?

A

-Excretion of salts, water, and organic waste by glands

-Maintenance of normal body temperature

-Production of melanin

-Synthesis of Vitamin D3

-Storage of lipids in adipocytes

-Detection of touch, pressure, pain, etc

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12
Q

another word for “strata”

A

layers

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13
Q

The epidermis consists of ________ epithelium

A

stratified squamous

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14
Q

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

A

AVASCULAR. ALL epithelium are avascular

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15
Q

Because there are no local blood vessels, how do epidermal cells get nutrients?

A

Nutrients and oxygen get diffused from capillaries within the dermis

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16
Q

What can you say about the epidermal cells found closest to the basement membrane?

A

They have the highest metabolic demands (shortest diffusion distance)

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17
Q

The superficial epithelial cells that are far away from the basement membrane are….

A

dead

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18
Q

What are the body’s most abundant epithelial cells and where are they found?

A

keratinocytes, epidermis

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19
Q

Thin skin contains how many layers of keratinocytes?

A

4

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20
Q

Where on the body is thick skin found?

A

palms of hands and soles of feet

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21
Q

Thick skin contains a 5th layer called……

A

stratum lucidum

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22
Q

List the 5 layers of thick skin in order, starting closest to the basement membrane

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
startum corneum

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23
Q

Stratum basale attaches to the basement membrane via which junctions?

A

hemidesmosomes

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24
Q

Which kind of cells dominate the stratum basale?

A

basal cells

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25
Q

the stratum basale forms epidermal _______ which are adjacent to _______

A

ridges, dermal papillae

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26
Q

Why are ridges and papillae significant in the stratum basale?

A

they increase the surface area of the basement membrane which increases the strength of the attachment

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27
Q

How are ridge shapes on the palms and soles determined?

A

genetically

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28
Q

Do the pattern of your epidermal ridges ever change?

A

no

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29
Q

What are basal cells?

A

cells that dominate the stratum basale. stem cells whose division replaces the superficial keratinocytes that are shed or lost at the surface

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30
Q

Skin surfaces that lack hair contain what specialized epithelial cells?

A

tactile cells

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31
Q

What do tactile cells do?

A

sensitive to touch. When compressed, they release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerves

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32
Q

Melanocytes are found in which layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum basale

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33
Q

When a stem cell divides, one of the daughter cells is pushed to which layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum spinosum

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34
Q

The stratum spinosum consists of how many layers of keratinocytes and by what junctions are they held together?

A

8-10 layers, desmosomes

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35
Q

Besides keratinocytes, what other cells does the stratum spinosum contain?

A

dendritic cells

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36
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

immune response. stimulates defense against microorganisms that manage to penetrate the superficial layers of the epidermis, and superficial skin cancers

37
Q

What is the layer superficial to the stratum spinosum??

A

stratum granulosum

38
Q

Stratum granulosum consists of how many layers of keratinocytes?

A

3-5

39
Q

By the time keratinocytes reach the stratum granulosum, what has happened to them?

A

They have stopped dividing and are now producing the protein keratin and keratohyalin

40
Q

What is the basic structural component of hair and nails in humans?

A

The tough, fibrous protein keratin

41
Q

As keratin fibers develop, what happens to the cells?

A

They become thinner and flatter with thicker, less permeable membranes

42
Q

In thick skin, what is the layer superficial to the stratum granulosum?

A

stratum lucidum

43
Q

Which body parts have a stratum lucidum layer?

A

palms and soles

44
Q

Explain the structure of cells in the stratum lucidum layer??

A

Cells are flattened, densely packed, no organelles, and filled with keratin

45
Q

What layer constitutes the exposed surface of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum

46
Q

How many layers of keratinized cells does the stratum corneum have?

A

15-30

47
Q

Why are keratinized cells generally shed in large sheets rather than individually?

A

The dead cells remain very tightly interconnected by desmosomes

48
Q

How long does it take for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?

A

7-10 days

49
Q

Is the stratum corneum waterproof?

A

not water proof, but water resistant

50
Q

Around how much water do we lose each day due to INSENSIBLE perspiration?

A

500mL (1 pint)

51
Q

How is water lost in insensible perspiration?

A

water from interstitial fluids slowly penetrates to the surface to be evaporated

52
Q

Does damage to the epidermis increase or decrease the rate of insensible perspiration?

A

increase

53
Q

Give 2 situations in which blisters would form

A
  1. If damage to the epidermis breaks the connections between the superficial and deep layers of the epidermis
  2. If the basement membrane is damaged
54
Q

What is the condition of excessively dry skin?

A

xerosis

55
Q

Propose a situation in which dangerous amounts of fluid would be lost by insensible perspiration

A

If damage to the stratum corneum reduces its effectiveness as a water barrier

56
Q

When could excessive fluid loss by insensible perspiration become a possibility?

A

xerosis, severe skin burns

57
Q

How does the flow of water in relation to the skin differ when placed in fresh water vs ocean water?

A

fresh water, water will rush into the epidermis because the fresh water is hypotonic to the skin

salt water, water will rush out of the epidermis because the salt water is hypertonic to the skin

58
Q

The pattern of the ridges in our fingerprint is determined by what?

A

tissue in the dermis

59
Q

A splinter that penetrates to the 3rd layer of the epidermis of the palm is lodged in which layer?

A

stratum granulosum

60
Q

The epidermis contains which 2 pigments?

A

melanin and carotene

61
Q

Carotene can be converted to….

A

vitamin A

62
Q

What is vitamin A important for?

A

normal maintenance of epithelia and photoreceptor pigments in the eyes

63
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

stratum basale

64
Q

From what amino acid is melanin produced?

A

tyrosine

65
Q

What are melanosomes?

A

intracellular vesicles packed with melanin

66
Q

Where are melanosomes transferred?

A

to keratinocytes

67
Q

In individuals with pale skin, where does the exchange of melanin to keratinocytes take place? Darker skin?

A

stratum basale and stratum spinosum
dark skin - melanosomes are larger and transfer may occur in stratum granulosum as well

68
Q

How are freckles formed?

A

melanocytes in those areas produce larger than average amounts of melanin.

69
Q

Do freckles have a regular border?

A

NO

70
Q

What are the things similar to freckles but have a REGULAR border? How are they formed?

A

Lentigos - formed by abnormal melanocytes

71
Q

What is the purpose of having melanin in keratinocytes?

A

Protects epidermis and dermis from harmful effects of UV radiation

72
Q

Within the cell, where do melanocytes become concentrated?

A

around the nucleus - shielding the DNA

73
Q

How do melanocytes respond to UV activity?

A

increasing their activity

74
Q

Over time, cumulative damage to the integument can harm which specialized connective tissue cells?

A

fibroblasts

75
Q

What does harming fibroblasts do to your body?

A

causes impaired maintenance of the dermis, leading to premature wrinkling

76
Q

Why does our skin become flushed when body temperature rises?

A

the blood vessels dilate so the skin can act like a radiator to lose heat

77
Q

In what instances in a person’s life would cyanosis occur?

A

extreme cold or cardiovascular or respiratory disorders

78
Q

What is the science behind cyanosis?

A

The oxygen levels in tissues decline, so hemoglobin releases oxygen and turns a much darker red. Appears blue in areas of thin skin such as lips and nails

79
Q

What is jaundice?

A

When the liver is unable to excrete bile, a yellowish pigment accumulates in body fluids

80
Q

What happens in vitiligo?

A

individuals lose their melanocytes

81
Q

Why does exposure to sunlight darken skin?

A

melanocytes in the dermis and epidermis synthesize melanin, darkening the ksin

82
Q

Why does the skin of a fair-skinned person appear red during exercise in hot weather??

A

When skin gets warm, arriving oxygenated blood is diverted to the superficial dermis for the purpose of eliminating heat. the oxygenated blood imparts a reddish color to the skin

83
Q

What is rickets and what causes it?

A

rickets is abnormal bone development caused by vitamin d3 deficiency

84
Q

Explain the relationship between sunlight exposure and vitamin d3 synthesis

A

In the presence of ultraviolet radiation, epidermal cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum convert a cholesterol-related steroid into cholecalciferol (vitamin d3)

85
Q

Why would someone who is never exposed to sunlight develop bone problems later in life?

A

Vitamin d3 is needed to form strong bones and teeth. When the body surface is covered, UV light cannot penetrate to the stratum basale in the skin to begin vitamin d3production, resulting in fragile bones

86
Q

What is EGF?

A

one of the peptide growth factors

87
Q

What produces EGF?

A

the salivary glands and glands of the duodenum

88
Q

What are the functions of EGF in regards to the epidermis?

A

-Promote division of basale cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinsoum

-accelerate production of keratin in keratinocytes

-stimulate epidermal development and repair after an injury

Stimulate synthetic activity and secretion by epithelial glands

89
Q

In what layer does keratinization begin?

A

stratum granulosum

A&P Exam 1 (19 decks)

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