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A&P Exam 1 > Chapter 5 - Part 1 - Epidermis > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Part 1 - Epidermis Flashcards

1
Q

The integumentary system accounts for around what % of your body weight?

A

16

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2
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense?

A

The integumentary system

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3
Q

What are the 2 major components of the integumentary system?

A

The cutaneous membrane (skin) and the accessory structures

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4
Q

The cutaneous membrane has __ components:

A

2 components: Epidermis (superficial epithelium) and dermis (underlying area of connective tissue)

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5
Q

What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system and where are they located?

A

hair, skin, nails, multicellular exocrine glands. Primarily located in the dermis and protrude through the epidermis to the skin surface

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6
Q

Does the integument function in isolation?

A

NO

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7
Q

The hypodermis is also known by which 2 other names?

A

subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia

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8
Q

What other things help the integument perform its functions?

A

-network of blood vessels in the dermis
-sensory receptors

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9
Q

The hypodermis is made up of what kind of tissue?

A

loose connective tissue

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10
Q

What does to hypodermis separate?

A

separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs (such as muscles and bones)

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11
Q

What are the general functions of the skin and hypodermis?

A

-Excretion of salts, water, and organic waste by glands

-Maintenance of normal body temperature

-Production of melanin

-Synthesis of Vitamin D3

-Storage of lipids in adipocytes

-Detection of touch, pressure, pain, etc

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12
Q

another word for “strata”

A

layers

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13
Q

The epidermis consists of ________ epithelium

A

stratified squamous

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14
Q

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

A

AVASCULAR. ALL epithelium are avascular

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15
Q

Because there are no local blood vessels, how do epidermal cells get nutrients?

A

Nutrients and oxygen get diffused from capillaries within the dermis

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16
Q

What can you say about the epidermal cells found closest to the basement membrane?

A

They have the highest metabolic demands (shortest diffusion distance)

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17
Q

The superficial epithelial cells that are far away from the basement membrane are….

A

dead

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18
Q

What are the body’s most abundant epithelial cells and where are they found?

A

keratinocytes, epidermis

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19
Q

Thin skin contains how many layers of keratinocytes?

A

4

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20
Q

Where on the body is thick skin found?

A

palms of hands and soles of feet

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21
Q

Thick skin contains a 5th layer called……

A

stratum lucidum

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22
Q

List the 5 layers of thick skin in order, starting closest to the basement membrane

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
startum corneum

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23
Q

Stratum basale attaches to the basement membrane via which junctions?

A

hemidesmosomes

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24
Q

Which kind of cells dominate the stratum basale?

A

basal cells

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25
the stratum basale forms epidermal _______ which are adjacent to _______
ridges, dermal papillae
26
Why are ridges and papillae significant in the stratum basale?
they increase the surface area of the basement membrane which increases the strength of the attachment
27
How are ridge shapes on the palms and soles determined?
genetically
28
Do the pattern of your epidermal ridges ever change?
no
29
What are basal cells?
cells that dominate the stratum basale. stem cells whose division replaces the superficial keratinocytes that are shed or lost at the surface
30
Skin surfaces that lack hair contain what specialized epithelial cells?
tactile cells
31
What do tactile cells do?
sensitive to touch. When compressed, they release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerves
32
Melanocytes are found in which layer of the epidermis?
stratum basale
33
When a stem cell divides, one of the daughter cells is pushed to which layer of the epidermis?
stratum spinosum
34
The stratum spinosum consists of how many layers of keratinocytes and by what junctions are they held together?
8-10 layers, desmosomes
35
Besides keratinocytes, what other cells does the stratum spinosum contain?
dendritic cells
36
What is the function of dendritic cells?
immune response. stimulates defense against microorganisms that manage to penetrate the superficial layers of the epidermis, and superficial skin cancers
37
What is the layer superficial to the stratum spinosum??
stratum granulosum
38
Stratum granulosum consists of how many layers of keratinocytes?
3-5
39
By the time keratinocytes reach the stratum granulosum, what has happened to them?
They have stopped dividing and are now producing the protein keratin and keratohyalin
40
What is the basic structural component of hair and nails in humans?
The tough, fibrous protein keratin
41
As keratin fibers develop, what happens to the cells?
They become thinner and flatter with thicker, less permeable membranes
42
In thick skin, what is the layer superficial to the stratum granulosum?
stratum lucidum
43
Which body parts have a stratum lucidum layer?
palms and soles
44
Explain the structure of cells in the stratum lucidum layer??
Cells are flattened, densely packed, no organelles, and filled with keratin
45
What layer constitutes the exposed surface of the epidermis?
stratum corneum
46
How many layers of keratinized cells does the stratum corneum have?
15-30
47
Why are keratinized cells generally shed in large sheets rather than individually?
The dead cells remain very tightly interconnected by desmosomes
48
How long does it take for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?
7-10 days
49
Is the stratum corneum waterproof?
not water proof, but water resistant
50
Around how much water do we lose each day due to INSENSIBLE perspiration?
500mL (1 pint)
51
How is water lost in insensible perspiration?
water from interstitial fluids slowly penetrates to the surface to be evaporated
52
Does damage to the epidermis increase or decrease the rate of insensible perspiration?
increase
53
Give 2 situations in which blisters would form
1. If damage to the epidermis breaks the connections between the superficial and deep layers of the epidermis 2. If the basement membrane is damaged
54
What is the condition of excessively dry skin?
xerosis
55
Propose a situation in which dangerous amounts of fluid would be lost by insensible perspiration
If damage to the stratum corneum reduces its effectiveness as a water barrier
56
When could excessive fluid loss by insensible perspiration become a possibility?
xerosis, severe skin burns
57
How does the flow of water in relation to the skin differ when placed in fresh water vs ocean water?
fresh water, water will rush into the epidermis because the fresh water is hypotonic to the skin salt water, water will rush out of the epidermis because the salt water is hypertonic to the skin
58
The pattern of the ridges in our fingerprint is determined by what?
tissue in the dermis
59
A splinter that penetrates to the 3rd layer of the epidermis of the palm is lodged in which layer?
stratum granulosum
60
The epidermis contains which 2 pigments?
melanin and carotene
61
Carotene can be converted to....
vitamin A
62
What is vitamin A important for?
normal maintenance of epithelia and photoreceptor pigments in the eyes
63
Where are melanocytes located?
stratum basale
64
From what amino acid is melanin produced?
tyrosine
65
What are melanosomes?
intracellular vesicles packed with melanin
66
Where are melanosomes transferred?
to keratinocytes
67
In individuals with pale skin, where does the exchange of melanin to keratinocytes take place? Darker skin?
stratum basale and stratum spinosum dark skin - melanosomes are larger and transfer may occur in stratum granulosum as well
68
How are freckles formed?
melanocytes in those areas produce larger than average amounts of melanin.
69
Do freckles have a regular border?
NO
70
What are the things similar to freckles but have a REGULAR border? How are they formed?
Lentigos - formed by abnormal melanocytes
71
What is the purpose of having melanin in keratinocytes?
Protects epidermis and dermis from harmful effects of UV radiation
72
Within the cell, where do melanocytes become concentrated?
around the nucleus - shielding the DNA
73
How do melanocytes respond to UV activity?
increasing their activity
74
Over time, cumulative damage to the integument can harm which specialized connective tissue cells?
fibroblasts
75
What does harming fibroblasts do to your body?
causes impaired maintenance of the dermis, leading to premature wrinkling
76
Why does our skin become flushed when body temperature rises?
the blood vessels dilate so the skin can act like a radiator to lose heat
77
In what instances in a person's life would cyanosis occur?
extreme cold or cardiovascular or respiratory disorders
78
What is the science behind cyanosis?
The oxygen levels in tissues decline, so hemoglobin releases oxygen and turns a much darker red. Appears blue in areas of thin skin such as lips and nails
79
What is jaundice?
When the liver is unable to excrete bile, a yellowish pigment accumulates in body fluids
80
What happens in vitiligo?
individuals lose their melanocytes
81
Why does exposure to sunlight darken skin?
melanocytes in the dermis and epidermis synthesize melanin, darkening the ksin
82
Why does the skin of a fair-skinned person appear red during exercise in hot weather??
When skin gets warm, arriving oxygenated blood is diverted to the superficial dermis for the purpose of eliminating heat. the oxygenated blood imparts a reddish color to the skin
83
What is rickets and what causes it?
rickets is abnormal bone development caused by vitamin d3 deficiency
84
Explain the relationship between sunlight exposure and vitamin d3 synthesis
In the presence of ultraviolet radiation, epidermal cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum convert a cholesterol-related steroid into cholecalciferol (vitamin d3)
85
Why would someone who is never exposed to sunlight develop bone problems later in life?
Vitamin d3 is needed to form strong bones and teeth. When the body surface is covered, UV light cannot penetrate to the stratum basale in the skin to begin vitamin d3production, resulting in fragile bones
86
What is EGF?
one of the peptide growth factors
87
What produces EGF?
the salivary glands and glands of the duodenum
88
What are the functions of EGF in regards to the epidermis?
-Promote division of basale cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinsoum -accelerate production of keratin in keratinocytes -stimulate epidermal development and repair after an injury Stimulate synthetic activity and secretion by epithelial glands
89
In what layer does keratinization begin?
stratum granulosum

A&P Exam 1 (19 decks)

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