Chapter 5 - Human Movement Science Flashcards
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
Biomechanics
positioned above a point of reference
superior
positioned below a point of reference
inferior
positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference
proximal
positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of referene
distal
on the front of the body
anterior
on the back of the body
posterior
positioned neat the middle of the body
medial
positioned toward the outside of the body
lateral
positioned on the opposite side of the body
contralateral
positioned on the same side of the body
ipsilateral
the position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward.
anatomic position
an imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves
sagittal plane
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments dereases
flexion
Plane of motion occuring with flexion/extension on a coronal axis
Sagittal
Plane of motion occuring with adduction/abduction, lateral flexion, eversion/inversion on an anterior-posterior axis
Frontal
Plane of motion occuring with internal/external rotation, left/right rotation, horizontal adducction/abduction on a longitudinal plane
Transverse
Biceps curl, tricep push-down, squat, front lunge, calf raise, walking, running, vertical jumping, climbing stairs all occur in which plane of motion?
Sagittal
Side lateral raise, side lunge, and side shuffle all occur in which plane of motion?
Frontal
Trunk rotation, throwing, golfing, and swinging a bat all occur in which plane of motion?
Transverse
Flexion where toe points up toward you.
Dorsiflexion
Flexion where toe point down and away.
Plantar flexion
Flexion where knee bends leg backward as in a hamstring curl.
Knee flexion
extension where knee direct the foot out and away from the body.
knee extension
high knee leg raise is an example of which type of flexion?
hip flexion; femoral-on-pelvic rotation
bending forward hinging at the hip as in a deadlift is an example of what type of flexion?
Hip flexion: pelvic-on-femoral rotation
extending the leg straight and directly backwards is an example of?
hip extension
bending the upper back and head forward is an example of spinal ___________ .
Flexion
bending the head and upper back backwards is an example of spinal ________ .
Extension
bending at the elbow bringin the hand toward the shoulder is an example of elbow __________ .
Flexion
hinging at the elbow and extending the arm down and outward is an example of Elbow ________ .
Extension
bringing the arm overhead is an example of shoulder ___________ .
Flexion
bring the arm straight down and away is an example of shoulder _____________ .
Extension
bending the head forward and down is an example of cervical ____________ .
Flexion
extending the head back and upward is an example of cervical ___________ .
Extension
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.
Extension
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.
hyperextension
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.
frontal plane
a movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.
abduction
movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body
adduction
an imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
Transverse Plane
rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
internal rotation
rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body
external rotation
movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
horizontal abduction
movment of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position
horizontal adduction
side bend is an example of ______________ flexion
lateral
Eversion, inversion, hip abduction/adduction, lateral flexion, shoulder abduction/adduction, and cervical lateral flexion are all examples of ___________ and ___________ movements. Pg 81
adduction and abduction
Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline.
scapular retraction
abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline
scapular protraction
downward (inferior) motion of the scapula
scapular depression
upward (superior) motion of the scapula
scapular elevation
rotate extended arm to face palm outward.
Radioulnar supination
rotate extended arm to face palm inward
radioulnar pronation
rotate lifted arms outward
shoulder horizontal abduction
rotate lifted arms inward
shoulder horizontal adduction
a muscle contraction where force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. (constant muscle tension). Two kinds: Eccentric and Concentric
Isotonic
muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening
Eccentric.
When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle.
Concentric
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visisble change in the muscle length.
Isometric
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.
Isokinetic
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
Force
the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length
Length-Tension Relationship
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.
Force-Couple
Common force couple that creates a trunk rotation movement
Internal and external obliques
a common force couple that causes upward rotation of the scapula
upper trapezius and the lower portion of the serratus anterior
a common force-couple that produces hip and knee extension during walking, running, stair climbing, etc.
Gluteus maximus, quadriceps, and calf
a common for couple that performs plantarflexion at the foot and ankle complex
Gastrocnemius, peroneus longus, and tibialis posterior
a common force-couple that performs should abduction
deltoid and rotator cuff
movement of the bones around the joints
Rotary Motion
A force that produces rotation. Common unit of measurement is the newton-meter or Nm.
Torque
Motor response to internal and extternal environmental stimuli
Motor Behavior
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response
Motor Control
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
Motor Learning
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.
Motor development
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.
Muscle Synergies
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movements.
Proprioception
The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
Sensorimotor Integration
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.
Feedback
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
Internal Feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor to supplement the internal environment.
External Feedback
