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Physiology > Chapter 5 - Chemical Messengers > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Chemical Messengers Flashcards

1
Q

the process by which the binding of a chemical messenger to receptors brings about a response in a target cell

A

signal transduction

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2
Q

protein on a target cell that recognizes and binds a chemical messenger

A

receptor

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3
Q

type of chemical messenger that communicates with neighboring cells by simple diffusion

A

paracrine

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4
Q

proteins that stimulate proliferation and differentiation of cells

A

growth factors

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5
Q

proteins that stimulate formation of a blood clot

A

clotting factors

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6
Q

peptides that coordinate the body’s defense against infections

A

cytokines

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7
Q

What are the three main functional classes of chemical messengers?

A
  1. paracrines
  2. neurotransmitters
  3. hormones
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8
Q

What are the five major chemical classes of messengers?

A
  1. amino acids
  2. amines
  3. peptides/proteins
  4. steroids
  5. eicosanoids
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9
Q

What determines whether a polypeptide is classified as a protein or a peptide?

A

Peptides are chains containing fewer than 50 amino acids.

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10
Q

Which messengers are lipophobic?

A
  1. amino acids
  2. amines
  3. peptides/proteins
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11
Q

Which messengers are liphphilic?

A
  1. steroids

2. eicosanoids

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12
Q

lipophilic

A

lipid soluble, crosses the plasma membrane

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13
Q

lipophobic

A

water soluble, cannot cross the plasma membrane

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14
Q

samples of paracrines

A

growth factors, clotting factors, cytokines

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15
Q

communication by neurotransmitters

A

synaptic signaling

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16
Q

Direct communication between cells in contact with one another is accomplished through _____.

A

gap junctions

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17
Q

The number of bound receptors on a target cell depends on what two things?

A
  1. the concentration of the messenger

2. the concentration of receptors on the target cell

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18
Q

Which type of chemical messenger, when released, binds to receptors on the cell that released the chemical messenger?

A

autocrine

19
Q

Which type of chemical messenger is released into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland where it can affect target cells throughout the body?

A

hormone

20
Q

Vasopressin is an example of which type of chemical messenger?

A

neurohormone

21
Q

Histamine acts as a(n) _____ in its role in inflammation.

A

paracrine

22
Q

Which class of messengers are derived from cholesterol?

A

steroids

23
Q

Arachidonic acid is the raw material for the synthesis of _____.

A

eicosanoids

24
Q

Most chemical messengers fall into which chemical class?

A

peptides/proteins

25
Q

All amino acid chemical messengers function as _____.

A

neurotransmitters

26
Q

All steroid chemical messengers function as _____.

A

hormones

27
Q

Which amines are lipophilic?

A

thyroid hormones

28
Q

Where are the receptors located on all eicosanoids and most steroids?

A

cytosol

29
Q

the strength of the binding between a messenger and its receptor

A

affinity

30
Q

ligands that produce a response

A

agonists

31
Q

ligands that do not produce a response

A

antagonists

32
Q

Receptors for which messengers are located on the plasma membrane?

A

lipophobic

33
Q

What are the three types of lipophobic receptors?

A
  1. channel-linked
  2. enzyme-linked
  3. G protein-linked
34
Q

In the cAMP second messenger system, the G protein releases the alpha subunit, which binds to and activates the enzyme _____.

A

adenylate cyclase

35
Q

Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the conversion of _____ to _____.

A

ATP; cAMP

36
Q

cAMP

A

cyclic AMP

37
Q

cAMP activates _____.

A

protein kinase A (also called cAMP-dependent protein kinase)

38
Q

In the phosphatidylinositol second messenger system, the G protein releases the alpha subunit, which binds to and activates the enzyme _____.

A

phospholipase C

39
Q

Phospholipase C catalyzes the conversion of _____ to _____ and ___, each of which functions as a second messenger.

A

PIP2; DAG; IP3

40
Q

_____ remains in the membrane and activates the enzyme protein kinase C.

A

DAG

41
Q

_____ moves into the cytosol and triggers the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

IP3

42
Q

_____ catalyzes the phosphorylation of a protein.

A

Protein kinase C

43
Q

Hormones travel through the bloodstream dissolved in plasma or attached to _____.

A

carrier proteins

Physiology (17 decks)

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