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Physiology > Chapter 16 - The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

movement of air into and out of the lungs

A

pulmonary ventilation

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2
Q

During (internal/external) respiration, there is an exchange of O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere and body tissues.

A

external

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3
Q

_____ secrete mucus.

A

Goblet cells

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4
Q

“little bronchi”

A

bronchioles

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5
Q

final and smallest component of the conducting zone

A

terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

FRC

A

functional residual capacity

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7
Q

muscles used for inspiration during quiet breathing

A

diaphragm & external intercostal muscles

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8
Q

muscles used during forceful inspiration

A

scalenes, sternocleidomastoids, pectoralis minor

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9
Q

measures the volumes of inspired and expired air

A

spirometry

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10
Q

_____ cannot be measured using spirometry.

A

Residual volume

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11
Q

PEFR

A

peak expiratory flow rate

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12
Q

maximum rate a person can exhale

A

PEFR

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13
Q

During (internal/external) respiration, cells use O2 to burn down glucose to produce energy.

A

internal

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14
Q

Air passages of the head and neck include _____.

A

nasal cavities, oral cavities, and pharynx

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15
Q

The _____ contains 15-20 C-shaped bands of cartilage.

A

trachea

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16
Q

How many secondary bronchi are on the right?

A

three

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17
Q

_____ and _____ make up the mucus escalator.

A

Goblet cells; ciliated cells

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18
Q

barrier for exchange of gases between blood and lung

A

respiratory membrane

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19
Q

What is the respiratory membrane made of?

A

capillary and alveoli walls

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20
Q

There are over _____ alveoli in the lungs.

A

300 million

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21
Q

make up the “sheet of blood” surrounding alveoli

A

capillaries

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22
Q

cells that make up the wall of alveoli

A

type I alveolar cells

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23
Q

secrete surfactant

A

type II alveolar cells

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24
Q

cells that fight lung infections

A

alveolar macrophages

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25
Q

Gas exchange occurs in the _____.

26
Q

_____ allow airflow between alveoli.

A

Alveolar pores

27
Q

Surface tension is formed when _____ occurs.

A

hydrogen bonding

28
Q

Because of the _____, O2 and CO2 only need to pass through three layers during the gas exchange process.

A

fused basement membrane

29
Q

Intrapleural space is filled with _____ mL of intrapleural fluid.

30
Q

lung tissue side of pleura

A

visceral pleura

31
Q

chest wall side of pleura

A

parietal pleura

32
Q

bulk flow

A

difference of pressure

33
Q

During _____ pressure in the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure.

A

inspiration

34
Q

During _____, pressure in the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure.

A

expiration

35
Q

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

36
Q

During inspiration, intra-alveolar pressure is _____ (more than/less than) atmospheric.

A

less than (negative)

37
Q

During expiration, intra-alveolar pressure is _____ (more than/less than) atmospheric pressure.

A

more than (positive)

38
Q

At rest, intrapleural pressure is _____.

39
Q

Surface tension of _____ prevents the chest wall and lungs from pulling apart.

A

intrapleural fluid

40
Q

pressure difference on two sides of a wall

A

transmural pressure

41
Q

Boyle’s law

A

pressure is inversely related to volume

42
Q

According to Boyle’s law, when volume is increased, pressure is _____.

43
Q

factors that determine intra-alveolar pressure

A
  1. quantity of air in alveoli

2. volume of alveoli

44
Q

When lungs expand, alveolar volume _____ (increases/decreases).

45
Q

When lungs recoil, alveolar volume _____ (increases/decreases).

46
Q

A larger lung compliance makes it (easier/harder) to inspire.

47
Q

factors affecting lung compliance

A
  1. elasticity (more elastic = less compliant)

2. surface tension (greater tension = less compliant)

48
Q

Increased surfactant = _____ compliance

49
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for _____ of smooth muscle, or _____.

A

relaxation; bronchodilation

50
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for _____ of smooth muscle, or _____.

A

contraction; bronchoconstriction

51
Q

Extrinsic control of bronchiole radius includes epinephrine, which causes _____.

A

bronchodilation

52
Q

Histamine increases mucus secretion and causes _____.

A

bronchoconstriction

53
Q

CO2 causes _____.

A

bronchodilation

54
Q

Intrinsic control of bronchiole radius includes _____.

A
  1. Histamine

2. CO2

55
Q

tidal volume

56
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

57
Q

expiratory reserve volume

58
Q

residual volume

59
Q

total volume of air entering and leaving the respiratory system each minute

A

minute ventilation

60
Q

air in conducting zone that does not participate in gas exchange

A

anatomical dead space

61
Q

How much air is left in the anatomical dead space?

62
Q

It is better to increase (respiratory rate/volume) rather than (respiratory rate/volume).

A

volume; respiratory rate

Physiology (17 decks)

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