Chapter 5 [Cardiovascular System] Diseases Flashcards
cardiology
Branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of cardiovascular system
cardiovascular technologist/ technician
Healthcare professional trained to perform variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including electrocardiography, and exercise stress test
cardiovascular technologist/ technician
Healthcare professional trained to perform variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including electrocardiography, and exercise stress test
angiitis
Inflammation of a vessel
angiospasm
Involuntary muscle contraction of smooth muscle in wall of a vessel; narrows vessel
angiostenosis
Narrowing of a vessel
embolus
Obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that has broken off from thrombus somewhere else In body and traveled to point of obstruction; if it occurs in coronary artery, may result in myocardial infarction
infarct
Area of tissue within organ or part that under. goes necrosis (death following loss of its blood supply
ischemia
Localized and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to obstruction to circulation
murmur
A sound, in addition to normal heart sounds, arising from blood flowing through heart; extra sound may or may not indicate a heart abnormality
orthostatic hypotension
Sudden drop in blood pressure a person experiences when standing straight up suddenly
palpitations
Pounding, racing heartbeats
plaque
Yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in artery that is hallmark of atherosclerosis; also called an atheroma
regurgitation
To flow backward; in cardiovascular system this refers to backflow of blood through a valve
thrombus (THROM-bus)
Blood clot forming within blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel
angina pectoris (an-JYE-nah / PEK-tor-is)
Condition in which there is severe pain with sensation of constriction around heart; caused by deficiency of oxygen to heart muscle; commonly called chest pain (CP)
cardiac arrest
Complete stopping of heart activity
cardiac tamponade
(KAR-dee-ak / tam-poh-NADE)
Pressure on heart as a result of fluid buildup around heart inside pericardial sac; heart becomes unable to pump blood effectively
cardiomegaly (kar-dee-oh-MEG-ah-lee)
enlarged heart
cardiomyopathy
(kar-dee-oh-my-OP-ah-thee)
General term for disease of myocardium; can be caused by alcohol abuse, parasites, viral infection, and congestive heart failure; one of most common reasons a patient may require heart transplant
congenital septal defect (CSD)
Hole, present at birth, in septum between two heart chambers; results in mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; can be an atrial septal defect (ASD) and a ventricular septal defect (VSD)
congestive heart failure (CHF)
(kon-JESS-tiv)
Pathological condition of heart in which there is reduced outflow of blood from left side of heart because left ventricle myocardium has become too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, and edema
coronary artery disease (CAD)
(KOR-ah-nair-ee)
Insufficient blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of one or more coronary arteries. may be caused by atherosclerosis and may cause angina pectoris and myocardial infarction
endocarditis
(en-doh-kar-DYE-tis)
Inflammation of lining membranes of heart, may be due to bacteria or to abnormal immunological response; in bacterial endocarditis, mass of bacteria that forms is referred to as
vegetation
heart valve prolapse (PROH-laps)
Condition in which cusps or flaps of heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward through valve when heart chamber contracts; most commonly occurs in mitral valve, but may affect any of heart valves; also called heart valve incompetence or heart valve
heart valve stenosis
(steh-NOH-sis)
Condition in which cusps or flaps of heart valve are too stiff and are unable to open fully (making it difficult for blood to flow through) or Shut tightly (allowing blood to flow backward: condition may affect any of heart valves
myocardial infarction (MI)
(my-oh-KAR-dee-al / in-FARK-shun)
Condition caused by partial or complete
occlusion or closing of one or more of coronary arteries; symptoms include squeezing pain or heavy pressure in middle of chest (angina pectoris); delay in treatment could result in death;
myocarditis
(my-oh-kar-DYE-tis)
Inflammation of muscle layer of heart wall
pericarditis
(pair-ih-kar-DYE-tis)
Inflammation of pericardial sac around heart
tetralogy of Fallot
(teh-TRALL-oh-jee / fal-LOH
Combination of four congenital anomalies: pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, and hypertrophy of right ventricle; needs immediate surgery to correct
valvulitis
(val-vyoo-LYE-tis)
Inflammation of a heart valve
arrhythmia
(ah-RITH-mee-an)
Irregularity in heartbeat or action; comes in many different forms; may be too fast, too slow, or irregular pattern; some are not serious, while others are life-threatening
bundle branch block (BBB)
Occurs when electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down bundle of His or bundle branches; results in ventricles beating at different rate than atria; also called a heart block
bradycardia (brad-ee-KAR-dee-ah)
Condition of having a slow heart rate, typically less than 60 beats/minute; highly trained aerobic persons may normally have a slow heart rate
fibrillation (fib)
(fih-brill-AY-shun)
Extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by abnormal quivering or contraction of heart fibers
flutter
arrhythmia in which atria beat (too rapidly but in regular pattern
premature atrial contraction (PAC)
(AY-tree-al)
arrhythmia in which atria contract earlier than they should
premature ventricular contraction
(PVC)
(ven-TRIK-yoo-lar)
arrhythmia in which ventricles contract earlier than they should
tachycardia
(tak-ee-KAR-dee-ah)
Condition of having a fast heart rate, typically more than 100 beats/ minute while at rest
aneurysm
(AN-yoo-rizm)
Weakness in wail of artery resulting in localized widening of artery, although aneurysm may develop in any artery, common sites include aorta in abdomen and cerebral arteries in brain
arteriorrhexis
(ar-tee-ree-oh-REK-sis)
Ruptured artery; may occur if aneurysm ruptures arterial wall
arteriosclerosis (AS)
(ar-tee-ree-oh-skleh-ROH-sis)
Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of walls of arteries; most often due to atherosclerosis
atheroma
(ath-er-OH-mah)
Deposit of fatty substance in wall of artery that bulges into and narrows lumen of artery; characteristic of atherosclerosis; also called a plaque
atherosclerosis
(ath-er-oh-skleh-ROH-sis)
Most common form of arteriosclerosis;
caused by formation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol on inner walls of arteries
coarctation of the aorta (Co)
(koh-ark-TAY-shun)
Severe congenital narrowing of aorta
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
(throm-BOH-sis)
Formation of blood clot in a vein deep in the body, most commonly the legs; embolus breaking off from this thrombosis would travel to lungs and block blood flow through lungs
hemorrhoid (HEM-oh-royd)
Varicose veins in anal region
hemorrhoid (HEM-oh-royd)
Varicose veins in anal region
hypertension (HTN)
(high-per-TEN-shun)
Blood pressure (BP) above normal range; essential or primary hypertension occurs directly from cardiovascular disease;
secondary hypertension refers to high blood pressure resulting from another disease such as kidney disease
hypertension (HTN)
(high-per-TEN-shun)
Blood pressure (BP) above normal range; essential or primary hypertension occurs directly from cardiovascular disease;
secondary hypertension refers to high blood pressure resulting from another disease such as kidney disease
hypotension (high-poh-TEN-shun)
Decrease in blood pressure (BP); can occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death approaches
hypotension (high-poh-TEN-shun)
Decrease in blood pressure (BP); can occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death approaches
patent ductus arteriosus /PDA
pAY-tent / DUK-tus ar-tee-ree-OH-sis)
Congenital heart anomaly in which fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth; condition may be treated with medication and resolve with time; however, in some cases, surgery is required
peripheral vascular disease
(PVD)
An abnormal condition affecting blood vessels outside heart; symptoms may include pain, pallor, numbness, and loss of circulation and pulse
phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
polyarteritis
(pol-ee-ar-ter-EYE-tis)
Inflammation of several arteries
Raynaud’s phenomenon (ray-NOZ)
Periodic ischemic attacks affecting extremities of body, especially fingers, toes, ears, and nose; affected extremities become cyanotic and very painful; attacks are brought on by arterial constriction due to extreme cold or emotional stress
thrombophlebitis
(throm-boh-fleh-BYE-tis)
Inflammation of vein resulting in formation of blood clots within vein
thrombophlebitis
(throm-boh-fleh-BYE-tis)
Inflammation of vein resulting in formation of blood clots within vein
varicose veins (VAIR-ih-kohs)
Swollen and distended veins, usually in legs
