Chapter 2 [Body Organization] Terms Flashcards
The major body structural levels from smallest to largest are:
cells
tissues
organs
systems
body
is the fundamental unit of all living things.
cell
No matter the difference at some point during their life cycle, all cells have what
cytoplasm
nucleus
cell membrane
is the study of tissue.
Histology
cells group together and function together to perform a specific activity, they form
tissue
the four types of tissue in the body
muscular tissue
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
nervous tissue
Muscular tissue produces movement in the body through contraction, or shortening in length, and is composed of individual muscle cells called
muscle fibers
three basic types of muscles:
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle.
form the covering for and lining of body structures
absorb and secrete substances
excrete wastes
epithelium
provides structural support for the whole body.
bone
the shock absorber in joints.
cartilage
tightly connect skeletal muscles to bones.
tendons
provides protective padding around body structures
Adipose
what is connective tissue
adipose
bone
cartilage
tendons
Nervous tissue is made up of cells called
neurons
allowing for the conduction of electrical impulses to send information between
the brain and the rest of the body.
nerves
nervous tissue has
brain
nerves
neurons
spinal cord
different types of tissue that work as a unit to perform special functions
organs
several organs working in a coordinated manner to perform a complex function comprise what?
a system
forms protective two way barrier aids in temperature regulation
Integumentary System
Skeleton supports and protects body
forms blood cells, and stores mineral
muscles produce movement
Musculoskeletal System (MS)
Pumps blood throughout entire body to
transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
Cardiovascular System (CV)
Transports oxygen protects against
pathogens, and controls bleeding
blood [Hematic System]
Protects body from disease and
invasion from pathogens
Lymphatic System
Obtains oxygen from the environment
and removes carbon dioxide from
the body
Respiratory System
these structures are in what system?
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Integumentary System
these structures are in what system?
Bones
Joints
Muscles
Musculoskeletal
System (MS)
these structures are in what system?
* Heart
* Arteries
* Veins
Cardiovascular System (CV)
these structures are in what system?
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
blood [Hematic System]
these structures are in what system?
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Spleen
Thymus gland
Tonsils
Lymphatic System
these structures are in what system?
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tubes
Lungs
Respiratory System
ingests, digest, and absorbs nutrients for the body
Digestive or Gastrointestinal (G)
System
filters waste products out of blood and removes them from body
Urinary System
Produces eggs for reproduction
provides place for growing bad,
nourishes infant
Female Reproductive System
Produces sperm for reproduction
Male Reproductive System
Regulates metabolic activities of
the body
Endocrine System
Receives sensory information and
coordinates body’s response
Nervous System
sensory organ that converts light into electrical impulses allowing for vision
ophthalmology
Sensory organ with dual purpose
converts sound waves into electrical
impulses allowing for hearing, and
maintains body’s sense of balance
otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
these structures are in what system?
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Salivary glands
Digestive or Gastrointestinal (G)
System
these structures are in what system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Urinary System
these structures are in what system?
Ovarias
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Vulva
Breasts
Female Reproductive System
these structures are in what system?
Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Penis
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral
gland
Male Reproductive System
these structures are in what system?
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Endocrine System
these structures are in what system?
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Nervous System
these structures are in what system?
eyes
opthalmolgy
these structures are in what system?
ears
otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
is used when describing the postions and relationships of structures in the human body.
anatomical position
a body in the anatomical position is what?
standing erect, gazing straight ahead, arms down at sides,
palms facing forward, fingers
extended,
legs together
toes pointing forward`
runs lengthwise from front to back and
divides the body, or any of its parts, into right and left portions. The right
and left sides do not have to be equal.
Sagittal plane
if the sagittal plane passes through the middle of the body, into two right and left halves it is called a
midsigittal or median plane
A cut along the sagittal plane yields a
Sagittal section
divides the body into front and back
portions; a vertical, lengthwise plane is running from side to side:
Frontal plane or coronal plane
a cut along the frontal plane yields what?
Frontal or coronal section
is a crosswise plane that
runs parallel to the ground. This imaginary cut would divide the body, or
its parts, into upper and lower portions.
transverse or horizontal plane
A cut along the transverse plane
yields a
transverse section
are frequently used to describe
internal views of structures.
cross-section and longitudinal section
A lengthwise slice along the long axis of a structure produces a
longitudinal section.
A slice perpendicular to the long axis of
structure produces a
cross-section view
abdomen; on anterior side of trunk
abdominal region
Upper extremities
brachial region
Head
cephalic region
Neck; connects head to trunk
cervical region
Lower extremities (LE) or legs
crural region
Back; on posterior side of trunk
dorsum region
Buttocks; on posterior side of trunk
gluteal region
Pelvis; on anterior side of trunk
pelvic region
Region containing external genitals; on anterior side of trunk
pubic region
Chest; on anterior side of trunk; also called thorax
thoracic region
Contains all body regions other than head, neck, and extremities; also called
trunk
Overlies spinal column or vertebrae; on posterior side of trunk
vertebral region
what major cavities divide the body
2 dorsal cavities
2 ventral cavities
what cavities does the dorsal cavity include
thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
cavity that contains the 2 lungs and the mediastinum
The thoracic cavity
the region between the lungs
contains: heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
mediastinum.
There is an actual physical wall between the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity called the what?
diaphragm
The abdominopelvic cavity is generally subdivided into a what?
superior abdominal cavity
inferior pelvic cavity
The organs of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems are
located in these cavities.
superior abdominal cavity
inferior pelvic cavity
The organs within the ventral cavities are referred to a
a group as the internal organs or what?
viscera
All of the ventral cavities are lined by, and the viscera are encased in, a two.
layer membrane called the what in the thoracic cavity
pleura
All of the ventral cavities are lined by, and the viscera are encased in, a two.
layer membrane called the what in the abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneum
The outer layer that lines the cavities is called the
parietal layer
parietal pleura
parietal peritoneum
and the inner layer that encases
the viscera is called the
visceral layer
visceral pleura
visceral peritoneum
what cavity are these major organs in?
brain
spinal cord
Dorsal cavities
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
what cavity are these major organs in?
lungs
Pleural cavity
what cavity are these major organs in?
heart
Pericardial cavity
what cavity are these major organs in?
heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, aorta
Mediastinum
what cavity are these major organs in?
Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and portions of the small intestine and colon
Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, and portions of the small intestine and colon
Female: uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina
Male: prostate gland, seminal vesicles, portion of vas deferens
Abdominopelvic cavities
More toward head, or above another structure
superior
or
cephalic
More toward feet or tail or below another structure
inferior (in-FEE-ree-or)
or
caudal (KAWD-al)
More toward front or belly side of body
anterior (an-TEE-ree-or)
or
ventral (VEN-tral)
more towards the back or spinal cord side of the body
posterior (poss-TEE-ree-or)
or
dorsal (DOR-sal)
Refers to middle or near middle of body or structure
medial
Refers to the side
lateral
Located nearer to point of attachment to body
proximal
Located farther away from point of attachment to body
distal
Tip or summit of an organ
apex
Bottom or lower part of organ
base
More toward surface of body
superficial
Further away from surface of body
deep
Body is lying horizontally and facing upward
supine
Body is lying horizontally and facing downward
prone
The method by which a drug is introduced into the body is referred to as the
route of administration.
Includes all drugs given by mouth; advantages: ease of administration and slow rate of absorption via the stomach and intestinal wall; disadvantages: slowness of absorption and
destruction of some chemical compounds by gastric juices; additionally, some medications, such as aspirin, can have corrosive action on stomach lining
oral
Includes drugs held under the tongue and not swallowed; medication is absorbed by blood vessels on underside of the tongue as saliva dissolves it; rate of absorption is quicker than oral route; nitroglycerin to treat angina pectoris (chest pain) is administered by this route
sublingual (sl)
Includes drugs inhaled directly into nose and mouth; aerosol (aer/o = air) sprays are administered by this route
inhalation
An invasive method of administering drugs as it requires skin to be punctured by a needle; needle with syringe attached is introduced either under the skin or into a muscle, vein, or
body cavity
parenteral
Injection into body cavity such as peritoneal cavity or chest cavity; one type of parenteral
route of administration
intracavitary
Very shallow injection just under top layer of the skin; commonly used in skin testing for allergies and tuberculosis testing; one type of parenteral route of administration
intradermal (ID)
Injection directly into muscle of buttocks, thigh, or upper arm; used when there is a large amount of medication or it is irritating (see again Figure 2-11 m); one type of parenteral route of administration
intramuscular (IM)
Injection into meningeal space surrounding the brain and spinal cord; one type of parenteral route of administration
intrathecal
Injection into veins; route may be set up to deliver medication very quickly or to deliver continuous drip of medication (see again Figure 2-11); one type of parenteral route of
administration
intravenous (IV)
Injection into subcutaneous layer of skin, usually outer part of upper arm, or abdomen (see again Figure 2-11); for example, insulin injection; one type of parenteral route of
administration
subcutaneous
Includes medications that coat underside of a patch, which is applied to skin where it is then absorbed; examples include birth control patches, nicotine patches, and sea sickness
patches
transdermal
Includes medications introduced directly into rectal cavity in the form of suppositories (suppos, supp) or solution; drugs may have to be administered by this route if patient is unable to take them by mouth due to nausea, vomiting, or surgery
rectal
Includes medications applied directly to skin or mucous membranes; distributed in ointment, cream, or lotion form and used to treat skin infections and eruptions
topical (top)
Includes tablets and suppositories that may be inserted vaginally to treat vaginal yeast infections and other irritations
vaginal
Includes drops used during eye examinations to dilate pupil of eye for better examination of interior of eye; also placed into eye to control eye pressure in glaucoma and treat
infections
eyedrops
Includes drops placed directly into ear canal for purpose of relieving pain or treating infection
eardrops
Includes drugs placed under lip or between cheek and gum
buccal
anteroposterior
AP
cardiovascular
CV
ear, nose, and throat
ENT
gastrointestinal
GI
gynecology
GYN
intradermal
ID
intramuscular
IM
intravenous
IV
lateral
lat
lower extremity
LE
left lower quadrant
LLQ
left upper quadrant
LUQ
musculoskeletal
MS
obstetrics
OB
posteroanterior
PA
right lower quadrant
RLQ
right upper quadrant
RUQ
sublingual
sl
subcutaneous
Subc, Subq
suppository
suppos, supp
apply topically
top
upper extremity
UE
