Chapter 11 [Endocrine System] Pathology Flashcards
adrenomegaly
Having one or both adrenal glands enlarged
adrenopathy
General term for adrenal gland disease
edema
Condition in which body tissues contain
excessive amounts of fluid
endocrinopathy
General term for diseases of the endocrine
system
exophthalmos
Condition in which the eyeballs protrude,
such as in Graves’ disease; generally
caused by overproduction of thyroid
hormone
glycosuria
Having a high level of sugar excreted in
urine
gynecomastia
Development of breast tissue in males; may
be symptom of adrenal feminization
hirsutism
Condition of having excessive amount of
hair; generally used to describe females
who have adult male pattern of hair growth;
can be result of hormonal imbalance
hypercalcemia
Condition of having high level of calcium in
the blood; associated with hyper-secretion
of parathyroid hormone
hyperglycemia
Condition of having high level of sugar in
the blood; associated with diabetes mellitus
hyperkalemia
Condition of having high level of potassium
in the blood
hypersecretion
Excessive hormone production by an endo.
crine gland
hypocalcemia
Condition of having low level of calcium in
the blood; associated with hyposecretion
of parathyroid hormone; hypocalcemia may
result in tetany
hypoglycemia
Condition of having low level of sugar in the
blood
hyponatremia
Condition of having low level of sodium in
the blood
hyposecretion
Deficient hormone production by an endocrine gland
obesity
Having abnormal amount of fat in the body
polydipsia
Excessive feeling of thirst
polyuria
Condition of producing excessive amount
of urine
thyromegaly
Having enlarged thyroid gland
Addison’s disease
Disease named for British physician
Thomas Addison; results from deficiency
in adrenocortical hormones; there may be
increased pigmentation of skin, generalized
weakness, and weight loss
Addison’s disease
Disease named for British physician
Thomas Addison; results from deficiency
in adrenocortical hormones; there may be
increased pigmentation of skin, generalized
weakness, and weight loss
adrenal feminization
Development of female secondary sexual
characteristics (such as breasts) in a male;
often as result of increased estrogen secre-
tion by the adrenal cortex
adrenal virilism
Development of male secondary sexual characteristics (such as deeper voice and facial hair) in a female; often as result of increased androgen secretion by the adrenal cortex
adrenalitis
Inflammation of one or both adrenal gland
Cushing’s syndrome
Set of symptoms caused by excessive
levels of cortisol due to high doses of
corticosteroid drugs and adrenal tumors;
syndrome may present symptoms of weak-
ness, edema, excess hair growth, skin dis-
coloration, and osteoporosis
pheochromocytoma
Usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine; symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea
diabetes mellitus (DM)
Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria; there are two distinct forms of diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2
diabetic retinopathy
Secondary complication of diabetes that
affects blood vessels of the retina, resulting
in visual changes and even blindness
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
develops early in life when the pancreas stops insulin production; patient must take daily insulin injections
insulinoma
Tumor of the islets of Langerhans cells of
the pancreas that secretes excessive
amount of insulin
ketoacidosis
Acidosis due to excess of acidic ketone
bodies (waste products); serious condition
requiring immediate treatment as it may
result in death for diabetic patient if not
reversed; also called diabetic acidosis
non-insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus
typically develops later in life; the pancreas produces normal to high levels of insulin, but cells fail to respond to it; patients may take oral hypoglycemics to improve insulin function or may eventually have to take insulin
peripheral neuropathy
Damage to nerves in lower legs and hands
as result of diabetes mellitus; symptoms
include either extreme sensitivity or numb-
ness and tingling
hyperparathyroidism
Hyper-secretion of parathyroid hormone;
result in hypercalcemia and Recklinghausen disease
hypoparathyroidism
Hypo secretion of parathyroid hormone; may result in hypocalcemia and tetany
Recklinghausen disease
Excessive production of parathyroid hormone resulting in degeneration of bones
tetany
Nerve irritability and painful muscle cramp.
resulting from hypocalcemia;
acromegaly
Chronic disease of adults that results in
elongation and enlargement of bones of
head and extremities; can also be mood
changes; due to excessive amount of
growth hormone in adult
diabetes insipidus (DI)
Disorder caused by inadequate secretion of
antidiuretic hormone by posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; may be polyuria and polydipsia
dwarfism
Condition of being abnormally short in
height; may be result of hereditary condition or lack of growth hormone
gigantism
Excessive development of body due to
overproduction of growth hormone by the
pituitary gland in child or teenager;
hyperpituitarism
Hyper-secretion of one or more pituitary
gland hormones
hypopituitarism
Hyposecretion of one or more pituitary
gland hormones
panhypopituitarism
Deficiency in all hormones secreted by the
pituitary gland; often recognized because
of problems with glands regulated by the
pituitary - adrenal cortex, thyroid, ovaries,
and testes
thymitis
Inflammation of the thymus gland
thymoma
Tumor in the thymus gland
congenital hypothyroidism
Congenital condition in which lack of
thyroid hormones may result in arrested
physical and mental development;
goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland
Graves’ disease
Condition named for Irish physician Robert Graves that results in overactivity of
the thyroid gland and can cause a crisis
situation; symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Chronic autoimmune form of thyroiditis;
results in hypo secretion of thyroid
hormones
hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of thyroid gland hormones
hypothyroidism
Hyposecretion of thyroid gland hormones
myxedema
Condition resulting from hyposecretion of
the thyroid gland in adult; symptoms can
include swollen facial features, edematous
skin, anemia, slow speech, drowsiness, and
mental lethargy
thyrotoxicosis
Condition resulting from marked overproduction of the thyroid gland; symptoms include rapid heart action, tremors, enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, and weight loss
adenocarcinoma
Cancerous tumor in gland that is capable of
producing hormones secreted by that gland;
one cause of hypersecretion pathologies
