Chapter 11 [Endocrine System] Pathology

Question 1

adrenomegaly

Answer 1

Having one or both adrenal glands enlarged

Question 2

adrenopathy

Answer 2

General term for adrenal gland disease

Question 3

edema

Answer 3

Condition in which body tissues contain
excessive amounts of fluid

Question 4

endocrinopathy

Answer 4

General term for diseases of the endocrine
system

Question 5

exophthalmos

Answer 5

Condition in which the eyeballs protrude,
such as in Graves’ disease; generally
caused by overproduction of thyroid
hormone

Question 6

glycosuria

Answer 6

Having a high level of sugar excreted in
urine

Question 7

gynecomastia

Answer 7

Development of breast tissue in males; may
be symptom of adrenal feminization

Question 8

hirsutism

Answer 8

Condition of having excessive amount of
hair; generally used to describe females
who have adult male pattern of hair growth;
can be result of hormonal imbalance

Question 9

hypercalcemia

Answer 9

Condition of having high level of calcium in
the blood; associated with hyper-secretion
of parathyroid hormone

Question 10

hyperglycemia

Answer 10

Condition of having high level of sugar in
the blood; associated with diabetes mellitus

Question 11

hyperkalemia

Answer 11

Condition of having high level of potassium
in the blood

Question 12

hypersecretion

Answer 12

Excessive hormone production by an endo.
crine gland

Question 13

hypocalcemia

Answer 13

Condition of having low level of calcium in
the blood; associated with hyposecretion
of parathyroid hormone; hypocalcemia may
result in tetany

Question 14

hypoglycemia

Answer 14

Condition of having low level of sugar in the
blood

Question 15

hyponatremia

Answer 15

Condition of having low level of sodium in
the blood

Question 16

hyposecretion

Answer 16

Deficient hormone production by an endocrine gland

Question 17

obesity

Answer 17

Having abnormal amount of fat in the body

Question 18

polydipsia

Answer 18

Excessive feeling of thirst

Question 19

polyuria

Answer 19

Condition of producing excessive amount
of urine

Question 20

thyromegaly

Answer 20

Having enlarged thyroid gland

Question 21

Addison’s disease

Answer 21

Disease named for British physician
Thomas Addison; results from deficiency
in adrenocortical hormones; there may be
increased pigmentation of skin, generalized
weakness, and weight loss

Question 21

Addison’s disease

Answer 21

Disease named for British physician
Thomas Addison; results from deficiency
in adrenocortical hormones; there may be
increased pigmentation of skin, generalized
weakness, and weight loss

Question 22

adrenal feminization

Answer 22

Development of female secondary sexual
characteristics (such as breasts) in a male;
often as result of increased estrogen secre-
tion by the adrenal cortex

Question 23

adrenal virilism

Answer 23

Development of male secondary sexual characteristics (such as deeper voice and facial hair) in a female; often as result of increased androgen secretion by the adrenal cortex

Question 24

adrenalitis

Answer 24

Inflammation of one or both adrenal gland

Question 25

Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 25

Set of symptoms caused by excessive
levels of cortisol due to high doses of
corticosteroid drugs and adrenal tumors;
syndrome may present symptoms of weak-
ness, edema, excess hair growth, skin dis-
coloration, and osteoporosis

Question 26

pheochromocytoma

Answer 26

Usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine; symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea

Question 27

diabetes mellitus (DM)

Answer 27

Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria; there are two distinct forms of diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2

Question 28

diabetic retinopathy

Answer 28

Secondary complication of diabetes that
affects blood vessels of the retina, resulting
in visual changes and even blindness

Question 29

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

Answer 29

develops early in life when the pancreas stops insulin production; patient must take daily insulin injections

Question 30

insulinoma

Answer 30

Tumor of the islets of Langerhans cells of
the pancreas that secretes excessive
amount of insulin

Question 31

ketoacidosis

Answer 31

Acidosis due to excess of acidic ketone
bodies (waste products); serious condition
requiring immediate treatment as it may
result in death for diabetic patient if not
reversed; also called diabetic acidosis

Question 32

non-insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus

Answer 32

typically develops later in life; the pancreas produces normal to high levels of insulin, but cells fail to respond to it; patients may take oral hypoglycemics to improve insulin function or may eventually have to take insulin

Question 33

peripheral neuropathy

Answer 33

Damage to nerves in lower legs and hands
as result of diabetes mellitus; symptoms
include either extreme sensitivity or numb-
ness and tingling

Question 34

hyperparathyroidism

Answer 34

Hyper-secretion of parathyroid hormone;
result in hypercalcemia and Recklinghausen disease

Question 35

hypoparathyroidism

Answer 35

Hypo secretion of parathyroid hormone; may result in hypocalcemia and tetany

Question 36

Recklinghausen disease

Answer 36

Excessive production of parathyroid hormone resulting in degeneration of bones

Question 37

tetany

Answer 37

Nerve irritability and painful muscle cramp.
resulting from hypocalcemia;

Question 38

acromegaly

Answer 38

Chronic disease of adults that results in
elongation and enlargement of bones of
head and extremities; can also be mood
changes; due to excessive amount of
growth hormone in adult

Question 39

diabetes insipidus (DI)

Answer 39

Disorder caused by inadequate secretion of
antidiuretic hormone by posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; may be polyuria and polydipsia

Question 40

dwarfism

Answer 40

Condition of being abnormally short in
height; may be result of hereditary condition or lack of growth hormone

Question 41

gigantism

Answer 41

Excessive development of body due to
overproduction of growth hormone by the
pituitary gland in child or teenager;

Question 42

hyperpituitarism

Answer 42

Hyper-secretion of one or more pituitary
gland hormones

Question 43

hypopituitarism

Answer 43

Hyposecretion of one or more pituitary
gland hormones

Question 44

panhypopituitarism

Answer 44

Deficiency in all hormones secreted by the
pituitary gland; often recognized because
of problems with glands regulated by the
pituitary - adrenal cortex, thyroid, ovaries,
and testes

Question 45

thymitis

Answer 45

Inflammation of the thymus gland

Question 46

thymoma

Answer 46

Tumor in the thymus gland

Question 47

congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 47

Congenital condition in which lack of
thyroid hormones may result in arrested
physical and mental development;

Question 48

goiter

Answer 48

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

Question 49

Graves’ disease

Answer 49

Condition named for Irish physician Robert Graves that results in overactivity of
the thyroid gland and can cause a crisis
situation; symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter

Question 50

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Answer 50

Chronic autoimmune form of thyroiditis;
results in hypo secretion of thyroid
hormones

Question 51

hyperthyroidism

Answer 51

Hypersecretion of thyroid gland hormones

Question 52

hypothyroidism

Answer 52

Hyposecretion of thyroid gland hormones

Question 53

myxedema

Answer 53

Condition resulting from hyposecretion of
the thyroid gland in adult; symptoms can
include swollen facial features, edematous
skin, anemia, slow speech, drowsiness, and
mental lethargy

Question 54

thyrotoxicosis

Answer 54

Condition resulting from marked overproduction of the thyroid gland; symptoms include rapid heart action, tremors, enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, and weight loss

Question 55

adenocarcinoma

Answer 55

Cancerous tumor in gland that is capable of
producing hormones secreted by that gland;
one cause of hypersecretion pathologies