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Medical Terminology > Chapter 12 [Nervous System and Mental Health] Diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 12 [Nervous System and Mental Health] Diseases Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Branch of medicine specializing in all aspects
of anesthesia, including for surgical procedures, resuscitation measures, and management of acute and chronic pain

A

anesthesiology

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2
Q

Branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of the nervous system

A

neurology

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3
Q

Branch of medicine concerned with treating
conditions and diseases of the nervous system by surgical means;

A

neurosurgery

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4
Q

Tyge of epileptic seizure that lasts only a few
seconds to half a minute, characterized by loss of awareness and absence of activity

A

absence seizure

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5
Q

Absence of pain

A

analgesia

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6
Q

Condition in which there is lack of feeling or
sensation

A

anesthesia

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7
Q

Inability to communicate verbally or in writing due to damage of speech or language centers in the brain

A

aphasia

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8
Q

Lack of muscle coordination

A

ataxia

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9
Q

Sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling
an unusual odor, that occur just prior to
epileptic seizure or migraine headache

A

aura

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10
Q

Headache (HA)

A

cephalalgia

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11
Q

Profound unconsciousness resulting from ill-
ness or injury

A

coma

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12
Q

Condition of being awake and aware of
surroundings

A

conscious

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13
Q

Severe involuntary muscle contractions and
relaxations; have a variety of causes, such as
epilepsy, fever, and toxic conditions

A

convulsion

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14
Q

Abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation

A

delirium

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15
Q

Progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing activities of daily living; patients have little awareness of their condition

A

dementia

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16
Q

Difficulty communicating verbally or in writing due to damage of speech or language centers in the brain

A

dysphasia

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17
Q

Localized seizure often affecting one limb

A

focal seizure

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18
Q

Weakness or loss of motion on one side of the body

A

hemiparesis

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19
Q

Paralysis on only one side of the body

A

hemiplegia

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20
Q

Condition of abnormally heightened sense of feeling, sense of pain, or sensitivity to touch

A

hyperesthesia

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21
Q

Muscle weakness in one limb

A

monoparesis

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22
Q

Paralysis of one limb

A

monoplegia

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23
Q

Nerve pain

A

neuralgia

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24
Q

Temporary or permanent loss of ability to control movement

A

palsy

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25
Q

Temporary or permanent loss of function or
voluntary movement

A

paralysis

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26
Q

Paralysis of lower portion of the body and both legs (the two like parts of a pair)

A

paraplegia

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27
Q

Abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling

A

paresthesia

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28
Q

Paralysis of all four limbs

A

quadriplegia

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29
Q

Sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms,
such as in epileptic seizure

A

seizure

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30
Q

State of being aware of surroundings and
responding to stimuli only part of the time

A

semiconscious

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31
Q

Fainting

A

syncope

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32
Q

Type of severe epileptic seizure characterized by loss of consciousness and convulsions; seizure alternates between strong continuous muscle spasms (tonic) and rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation (clonic)

A

tonic-clonic seizure

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33
Q

Involuntary, repetitive, alternating movement of a part of the body

A

tremor

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34
Q

State of being unaware of surroundings, with the inability to respond to stimuli

A

unconscious

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35
Q

Chronic, organic mental disorder consisting
of dementia, which is more prevalent in adults after age 65; involves progressive disorientation, apathy, speech and gait disturbances and loss of memory;

A

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

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36
Q

Congenital defect in which portions of the
brain (usually the cerebrum) do not develop;
child born with condition is missing a
portion of the brain, cranium, and scalp;
condition usually fatal within a few hours
of birth

A

anencephaly

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37
Q

Tumor of brain or spinal cord composed of
astrocytes, one type of neuroglia cells that has arms projecting off it like a star

A

astrocytoma

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38
Q

Intracranial mass, either benign or malignant; benign tumor of the brain can still be fatal since it will grow and cause pressure on normal brain tissue

A

brain tumor

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39
Q

Inflammation of the cerebellum

A

cerebellitis

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40
Q

Localized abnormal dilation of blood vessel,
usually artery; result of congenital defect or
weakness in wall of vessel; ruptured aneurysm is common cause of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident

A

cerebral aneurysm

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41
Q

Bruising of the brain from blow or impact

A

cerebral contusion

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42
Q

Brain damage resulting from defect, trauma,
infection, or lack of oxygen before, during, or
shortly after birth

A

cerebral palsy (CP)

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43
Q

Development of infarct due to loss in blood
supply to area of the brain; blood flow can be interrupted by ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), floating clot (embolus), stationary clot (thrombosis), or compression; extent of damage depends on size and location of infarct and often includes dysphasia and hemiplegia; commonly called stroke

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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44
Q

Condition characterized by severe blow or
repeated less severe blows to the head resulting in progressive degeneration of brain tissue; initially recognized only in boxing, has now been identified in athletes of all contact sports

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

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45
Q

Injury to the brain resulting from the brain being shaken inside the skull from blow or impact: symptoms vary and may include headache, blurred vision, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, and balance problems;

A

concussion

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46
Q

Inflammation of the brain

A

encephalitis

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47
Q

Recurrent disorder of the brain in which seizures and loss of consciousness occur as
result of uncontrolled electrical activity of neurons in the brain

A

epilepsy

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48
Q

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within
ventricles of the brain, causing the head to be enlarged; treated by creating artificial shunt for fluid to leave the brain; if left untreated, may lead to seizures and mental retardation

A

hydrocephalus

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49
Q

Specific type of headache characterized by
severe head pain, sensitivity to light, dizziness, and nausea

A

migraine
(MY-grain)

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50
Q

Chronic disorder of the nervous system with
fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity,
and shuffling gait

A

Parkinson’s disease

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51
Q

Combination of symptoms that includes acute encephalopathy and damage to various organs, especially the liver; occurs in children under age 15 who have had a viral infection; also associated with taking aspirin; for this reason, it’s not recommended for children to use aspirin

A

Reye’s syndrome

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52
Q

Caused by violent shaking of infant or
toddler; symptoms may include subdural
hematoma, brain swelling, and bleeding in
retina of the eyes;

A

shaken baby syndrome (SBS)

53
Q

Temporary interference with blood supply to
the brain, causing neurological symptoms
such as dizziness, numbness, and hemipare-
sis; may eventually lead to full-blown stroke
(cerebrovascular accident)

A

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

54
Q

Damage to the brain resulting from impact
(such as car accident), blast waves (such
as an explosion), or penetrating projectile
(such as a bullet); symptoms may be mild,
moderate, or severe and may include loss of
consciousness, headache, vomiting, loss of
motor coordination, and dizziness

A

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

55
Q

Condition with muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

56
Q

Congenital condition in which the meninges
protrude through opening in the vertebral
column

A

meningocele

57
Q

Inflammation of the spinal cord

A

myelitis

58
Q

Congenital condition in which meninges and
spinal cord protrude through opening in the
vertebral column

A

myelomeningocelse

59
Q

Viral inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord; results in varying degrees of paralysis; may be mild and reversible or may be severe and permanent; disease has been almost eliminated due to discovery of vaccine in the 1950s

A

poliomyelitis

60
Q

Congenital defect in walls of the spinal canal
in which laminae of the vertebra do not meet or close

A

spina bifida

61
Q

Damage to the spinal cord as result of trauma; spinal cord may be bruised or completely severed

A

spinal cord injury (SCI)

62
Q

One-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of facial nerve, probably viral in nature; patient cannot control salivation, tearing of the eyes, or expression, but most will eventually recover

A

Bell’s palsy

63
Q

Disease of the nervous system in which nerves lose their myelin covering; may be caused by autoimmune reaction; characterized by loss of sensation and/or muscle control starting in the
legs; symptoms then move toward trunk and
may even result in paralysis of the diaphragm

A

Guillain-Barré syndrome

64
Q

Inflammatory disease of the central nervous
system in which there is extreme weakness
and numbness due to loss of myelin insulation from around nerves that result in “hard” patches called plaques to appear

A

multiple sclerosis (MS)

65
Q

Disease with severe muscular weakness and
fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse

A

myasthenia gravis

66
Q

Nerve tumor or tumor of connective tissue
sheath around a nerve

A

neuroma

67
Q

General term for disease or damage to a nerve

A

neuropathy

68
Q

Inflammation of two or more nerves

A

polyneuritis

69
Q

Inflammation of a nerve root; may be caused by herniated nucleus pulposus

A

radiculitis

70
Q

Refers to condition that occurs when a herniated nucleus pulposus puts pressure on a nerve root, symptoms include pain and numbness along path of affected nerve

A

radiculopathy

71
Q

Eruption of painful blisters on body along
a nerve path caused by Herpes zoster
virus infection of nerve root; virus initially
introduced into body during chickenpox
infection but becomes dormant in nerve
cells;

A

shingles

72
Q

Chronic disorder characterized by sudden,
sharp pain on one side of face in area served
by the trigeminal cranial nerve; usually caused by pressure on and irritation of nerve or may be sign of multiple sclerosis;

A

trigeminal neuralgia

73
Q

Mass of blood in space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord

A

epidural hematoma

74
Q

Tumor in the meninges

A

meningioma
(meh-nin-iee-OH-mah)

75
Q

Inflammation of the meninges around brain or spinal cord caused by bacterial or viral infection; symptoms include fever, headache, neck stiffness, lethargy, vomiting, irritability, and photophobia

A

meningitis
(men-in-JYE-tis)

76
Q

Mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater if the meninges are torn by trauma; may exert fatal pressure on the brain if hematoma not drained by surgery

A

subdural hematoma

77
Q

Alternation between periods of deep
depression and mania

A

bipolar disorder (BPD)

78
Q

Characterized by instability in mood

A

Depressive Disorders

79
Q

Feelings of hopelessness, helplessness.
worthlessness; lack of pleasure in any
activity; potential for suicide

A

major depressive disorder

80
Q

Displaying extreme elation, hyperactivity,
excessive talkativeness, impaired
judgment, distractibility, and grandiose
delusions

A

mania

81
Q

Inability to resist impulse to perform some
act that is harmful to individual or others

A

Disruptive, Impulse Control, and
Conduct Disorders

82
Q

Violent rages

A

explosive disorder

83
Q

Uncontrollable impulse to steal

A

kleptomania

84
Q

uncontrollable impulse to set fires

A

pyromania

85
Q

Disorders in which severe emotional conflict
Is so repressed that a split in personality
may occur or person may lose memory

A

Dissociative Disorders

86
Q

Loss of memory

A

dissociative amnesia

87
Q

Having two or more distinct personalities

A

dissociative identity disorder

88
Q

Act of voiding feces in inappropriate places
after toilet training

A

encopresis

89
Q

Act of voiding urine in inappropriate places
after toilet training

A

enuresis

90
Q

Abnormal behaviors related to eating

A

Feeding and Eating Disorders

91
Q

Disorder characterized by distorted body
image, pathological fear of becoming fat,
and severe weight loss due to excessive dieting

A

anorexia nervosa

92
Q

Condition of binge eating and intentional
vomiting

A

bulimia

93
Q

Occurs when birth gender is contrary to
gender with which person identifies;
includes both male to female (MTF) and
female to male (FTM)

A

gender dysphoria

94
Q

Deterioration of mental functions due to
temporary or permanent brain dysfunction

A

Neurocognitive Disorders

95
Q

Degenerative brain disorder with gradual loss of cognitive abilities

A

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

96
Q

Progressive confusion and disorientation

A

dementia

97
Q

Impairment in growth or development of the
central nervous system

A

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

98
Q

Inattention and impulsive behavior

A

attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD)

99
Q

Range of conditions involving deficits in
social interaction, communication skills, and
restricted patterns of behavior

A

autism spectrum disorder

100
Q

Below-average intellectual functioning

A

intellectual development
disorder

101
Q

Characterized by obsessive preoccupations
and repetitive behaviors

A

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

102
Q

Performing repetitive rituals to reduce
anxiety caused by persistent thoughts,
ideas, or impulses

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

103
Q

disorders include aberrant sexual activity and sexual dysfunction

A

paraphillic disorders

104
Q

Sexual interest in children

A

pedophilic disorder

105
Q

Gratification derived from being hurt or
abused

A

sexual masochism disorder

106
Q

Gratification derived from observing others
engaged in sexual acts

A

voyeuristic disorder

107
Q

Inflexible or maladaptive behavior patterns
that affect person’s ability to function in society

A

Personality Disorders

108
Q

Behaviors that are against legal or social
norms

A

antisocial personality disorder

109
Q

Abnormal sense of self-importance

A

narcissistic personality disorder

110
Q

Exaggerated feelings of persecution

A

paranoid personality disorder

111
Q

Mental disorders characterized by
distortions of reality

A

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other
Psychotic Disorders

112
Q

False belief held even in face of contrary
evidence

A

delusional disorder

113
Q

Perceiving something that is not there

A

hallucination

114
Q

Having difficulty during any stage of normal sexual activity that negatively impacts quality of life

A

Sexual Dysfunctions

115
Q

Pertaining to difficulty achieving or
maintaining erection

A

erectile dysfunction

116
Q

Ejaculation of semen before or shortly after
penetration

A

premature ejaculation

117
Q

Disorders relating to either sleeping or
wakefulness

A

Sleep-Wake Disorders

118
Q

Condition of inability to sleep

A

insomnia disorder

119
Q

Recurring episodes of sleeping during
daytime and often difficulty sleeping at night

A

narcolepsy

120
Q

Patient has physical symptoms for which no
physical disease can be determined

A

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

121
Q

Anxiety is transformed into physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, paralysis, of blindness

A

conversion disorder

122
Q

Having physical symptoms that cause
distress and disrupt daily life; includes pre-
occupation with symptoms and behaviors
based on symptoms

A

somatic symptom disorder (SSD)

123
Q

Inability to stop gambling

A

gambling disorder

124
Q

Overindulgence or dependence on chemical
substances including alcohol, illegal drugs,
and prescription drugs

A

substance use disorder

125
Q

Results from exposure to actual or implied
death, serious injury, or sexual violence;
condition impairs person’s social interactions and capacity to work

A

post-traumatic stress disorder

126
Q

Characterized by persistent worry and
apprehension

A

Anxiety Disorders

127
Q

Feeling of dread in absence of clearly
identifiable stress trigger

A

general anxiety disorder

128
Q

general anxiety disorder

A

general anxiety disorder

129
Q

Irrational fear, such as arachnophobia, the
fear of spiders

A

phobias

Medical Terminology (34 decks)

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