Chapter 12 [Nervous System and Mental Health] Diseases Flashcards
Branch of medicine specializing in all aspects
of anesthesia, including for surgical procedures, resuscitation measures, and management of acute and chronic pain
anesthesiology
Branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of the nervous system
neurology
Branch of medicine concerned with treating
conditions and diseases of the nervous system by surgical means;
neurosurgery
Tyge of epileptic seizure that lasts only a few
seconds to half a minute, characterized by loss of awareness and absence of activity
absence seizure
Absence of pain
analgesia
Condition in which there is lack of feeling or
sensation
anesthesia
Inability to communicate verbally or in writing due to damage of speech or language centers in the brain
aphasia
Lack of muscle coordination
ataxia
Sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling
an unusual odor, that occur just prior to
epileptic seizure or migraine headache
aura
Headache (HA)
cephalalgia
Profound unconsciousness resulting from ill-
ness or injury
coma
Condition of being awake and aware of
surroundings
conscious
Severe involuntary muscle contractions and
relaxations; have a variety of causes, such as
epilepsy, fever, and toxic conditions
convulsion
Abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation
delirium
Progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing activities of daily living; patients have little awareness of their condition
dementia
Difficulty communicating verbally or in writing due to damage of speech or language centers in the brain
dysphasia
Localized seizure often affecting one limb
focal seizure
Weakness or loss of motion on one side of the body
hemiparesis
Paralysis on only one side of the body
hemiplegia
Condition of abnormally heightened sense of feeling, sense of pain, or sensitivity to touch
hyperesthesia
Muscle weakness in one limb
monoparesis
Paralysis of one limb
monoplegia
Nerve pain
neuralgia
Temporary or permanent loss of ability to control movement
palsy
Temporary or permanent loss of function or
voluntary movement
paralysis
Paralysis of lower portion of the body and both legs (the two like parts of a pair)
paraplegia
Abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling
paresthesia
Paralysis of all four limbs
quadriplegia
Sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms,
such as in epileptic seizure
seizure
State of being aware of surroundings and
responding to stimuli only part of the time
semiconscious
Fainting
syncope
Type of severe epileptic seizure characterized by loss of consciousness and convulsions; seizure alternates between strong continuous muscle spasms (tonic) and rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation (clonic)
tonic-clonic seizure
Involuntary, repetitive, alternating movement of a part of the body
tremor
State of being unaware of surroundings, with the inability to respond to stimuli
unconscious
Chronic, organic mental disorder consisting
of dementia, which is more prevalent in adults after age 65; involves progressive disorientation, apathy, speech and gait disturbances and loss of memory;
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Congenital defect in which portions of the
brain (usually the cerebrum) do not develop;
child born with condition is missing a
portion of the brain, cranium, and scalp;
condition usually fatal within a few hours
of birth
anencephaly
Tumor of brain or spinal cord composed of
astrocytes, one type of neuroglia cells that has arms projecting off it like a star
astrocytoma
Intracranial mass, either benign or malignant; benign tumor of the brain can still be fatal since it will grow and cause pressure on normal brain tissue
brain tumor
Inflammation of the cerebellum
cerebellitis
Localized abnormal dilation of blood vessel,
usually artery; result of congenital defect or
weakness in wall of vessel; ruptured aneurysm is common cause of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident
cerebral aneurysm
Bruising of the brain from blow or impact
cerebral contusion
Brain damage resulting from defect, trauma,
infection, or lack of oxygen before, during, or
shortly after birth
cerebral palsy (CP)
Development of infarct due to loss in blood
supply to area of the brain; blood flow can be interrupted by ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), floating clot (embolus), stationary clot (thrombosis), or compression; extent of damage depends on size and location of infarct and often includes dysphasia and hemiplegia; commonly called stroke
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Condition characterized by severe blow or
repeated less severe blows to the head resulting in progressive degeneration of brain tissue; initially recognized only in boxing, has now been identified in athletes of all contact sports
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
Injury to the brain resulting from the brain being shaken inside the skull from blow or impact: symptoms vary and may include headache, blurred vision, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, and balance problems;
concussion
Inflammation of the brain
encephalitis
Recurrent disorder of the brain in which seizures and loss of consciousness occur as
result of uncontrolled electrical activity of neurons in the brain
epilepsy
Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within
ventricles of the brain, causing the head to be enlarged; treated by creating artificial shunt for fluid to leave the brain; if left untreated, may lead to seizures and mental retardation
hydrocephalus
Specific type of headache characterized by
severe head pain, sensitivity to light, dizziness, and nausea
migraine
(MY-grain)
Chronic disorder of the nervous system with
fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity,
and shuffling gait
Parkinson’s disease
Combination of symptoms that includes acute encephalopathy and damage to various organs, especially the liver; occurs in children under age 15 who have had a viral infection; also associated with taking aspirin; for this reason, it’s not recommended for children to use aspirin
Reye’s syndrome
Caused by violent shaking of infant or
toddler; symptoms may include subdural
hematoma, brain swelling, and bleeding in
retina of the eyes;
shaken baby syndrome (SBS)
Temporary interference with blood supply to
the brain, causing neurological symptoms
such as dizziness, numbness, and hemipare-
sis; may eventually lead to full-blown stroke
(cerebrovascular accident)
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Damage to the brain resulting from impact
(such as car accident), blast waves (such
as an explosion), or penetrating projectile
(such as a bullet); symptoms may be mild,
moderate, or severe and may include loss of
consciousness, headache, vomiting, loss of
motor coordination, and dizziness
traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Condition with muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Congenital condition in which the meninges
protrude through opening in the vertebral
column
meningocele
Inflammation of the spinal cord
myelitis
Congenital condition in which meninges and
spinal cord protrude through opening in the
vertebral column
myelomeningocelse
Viral inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord; results in varying degrees of paralysis; may be mild and reversible or may be severe and permanent; disease has been almost eliminated due to discovery of vaccine in the 1950s
poliomyelitis
Congenital defect in walls of the spinal canal
in which laminae of the vertebra do not meet or close
spina bifida
Damage to the spinal cord as result of trauma; spinal cord may be bruised or completely severed
spinal cord injury (SCI)
One-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of facial nerve, probably viral in nature; patient cannot control salivation, tearing of the eyes, or expression, but most will eventually recover
Bell’s palsy
Disease of the nervous system in which nerves lose their myelin covering; may be caused by autoimmune reaction; characterized by loss of sensation and/or muscle control starting in the
legs; symptoms then move toward trunk and
may even result in paralysis of the diaphragm
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Inflammatory disease of the central nervous
system in which there is extreme weakness
and numbness due to loss of myelin insulation from around nerves that result in “hard” patches called plaques to appear
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Disease with severe muscular weakness and
fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse
myasthenia gravis
Nerve tumor or tumor of connective tissue
sheath around a nerve
neuroma
General term for disease or damage to a nerve
neuropathy
Inflammation of two or more nerves
polyneuritis
Inflammation of a nerve root; may be caused by herniated nucleus pulposus
radiculitis
Refers to condition that occurs when a herniated nucleus pulposus puts pressure on a nerve root, symptoms include pain and numbness along path of affected nerve
radiculopathy
Eruption of painful blisters on body along
a nerve path caused by Herpes zoster
virus infection of nerve root; virus initially
introduced into body during chickenpox
infection but becomes dormant in nerve
cells;
shingles
Chronic disorder characterized by sudden,
sharp pain on one side of face in area served
by the trigeminal cranial nerve; usually caused by pressure on and irritation of nerve or may be sign of multiple sclerosis;
trigeminal neuralgia
Mass of blood in space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord
epidural hematoma
Tumor in the meninges
meningioma
(meh-nin-iee-OH-mah)
Inflammation of the meninges around brain or spinal cord caused by bacterial or viral infection; symptoms include fever, headache, neck stiffness, lethargy, vomiting, irritability, and photophobia
meningitis
(men-in-JYE-tis)
Mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater if the meninges are torn by trauma; may exert fatal pressure on the brain if hematoma not drained by surgery
subdural hematoma
Alternation between periods of deep
depression and mania
bipolar disorder (BPD)
Characterized by instability in mood
Depressive Disorders
Feelings of hopelessness, helplessness.
worthlessness; lack of pleasure in any
activity; potential for suicide
major depressive disorder
Displaying extreme elation, hyperactivity,
excessive talkativeness, impaired
judgment, distractibility, and grandiose
delusions
mania
Inability to resist impulse to perform some
act that is harmful to individual or others
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and
Conduct Disorders
Violent rages
explosive disorder
Uncontrollable impulse to steal
kleptomania
uncontrollable impulse to set fires
pyromania
Disorders in which severe emotional conflict
Is so repressed that a split in personality
may occur or person may lose memory
Dissociative Disorders
Loss of memory
dissociative amnesia
Having two or more distinct personalities
dissociative identity disorder
Act of voiding feces in inappropriate places
after toilet training
encopresis
Act of voiding urine in inappropriate places
after toilet training
enuresis
Abnormal behaviors related to eating
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Disorder characterized by distorted body
image, pathological fear of becoming fat,
and severe weight loss due to excessive dieting
anorexia nervosa
Condition of binge eating and intentional
vomiting
bulimia
Occurs when birth gender is contrary to
gender with which person identifies;
includes both male to female (MTF) and
female to male (FTM)
gender dysphoria
Deterioration of mental functions due to
temporary or permanent brain dysfunction
Neurocognitive Disorders
Degenerative brain disorder with gradual loss of cognitive abilities
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Progressive confusion and disorientation
dementia
Impairment in growth or development of the
central nervous system
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Inattention and impulsive behavior
attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD)
Range of conditions involving deficits in
social interaction, communication skills, and
restricted patterns of behavior
autism spectrum disorder
Below-average intellectual functioning
intellectual development
disorder
Characterized by obsessive preoccupations
and repetitive behaviors
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Performing repetitive rituals to reduce
anxiety caused by persistent thoughts,
ideas, or impulses
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
disorders include aberrant sexual activity and sexual dysfunction
paraphillic disorders
Sexual interest in children
pedophilic disorder
Gratification derived from being hurt or
abused
sexual masochism disorder
Gratification derived from observing others
engaged in sexual acts
voyeuristic disorder
Inflexible or maladaptive behavior patterns
that affect person’s ability to function in society
Personality Disorders
Behaviors that are against legal or social
norms
antisocial personality disorder
Abnormal sense of self-importance
narcissistic personality disorder
Exaggerated feelings of persecution
paranoid personality disorder
Mental disorders characterized by
distortions of reality
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other
Psychotic Disorders
False belief held even in face of contrary
evidence
delusional disorder
Perceiving something that is not there
hallucination
Having difficulty during any stage of normal sexual activity that negatively impacts quality of life
Sexual Dysfunctions
Pertaining to difficulty achieving or
maintaining erection
erectile dysfunction
Ejaculation of semen before or shortly after
penetration
premature ejaculation
Disorders relating to either sleeping or
wakefulness
Sleep-Wake Disorders
Condition of inability to sleep
insomnia disorder
Recurring episodes of sleeping during
daytime and often difficulty sleeping at night
narcolepsy
Patient has physical symptoms for which no
physical disease can be determined
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Anxiety is transformed into physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, paralysis, of blindness
conversion disorder
Having physical symptoms that cause
distress and disrupt daily life; includes pre-
occupation with symptoms and behaviors
based on symptoms
somatic symptom disorder (SSD)
Inability to stop gambling
gambling disorder
Overindulgence or dependence on chemical
substances including alcohol, illegal drugs,
and prescription drugs
substance use disorder
Results from exposure to actual or implied
death, serious injury, or sexual violence;
condition impairs person’s social interactions and capacity to work
post-traumatic stress disorder
Characterized by persistent worry and
apprehension
Anxiety Disorders
Feeling of dread in absence of clearly
identifiable stress trigger
general anxiety disorder
general anxiety disorder
general anxiety disorder
Irrational fear, such as arachnophobia, the
fear of spiders
phobias
