Chapter 5 Flashcards
The frontal plane
bisects body into front and back halves and is for side to side movements such as side lunges
Saggital plane
bisects the body into
left/right halves and relates to front-to-back and up-and-down
movements like squats and lunges
transvere plane
bisects the body into upper/lower halves and is where rotational movements occur, like cable rotation exercises or swinging a bat
arthrokinematics
joint motion
concentric muscle action
—When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening
of the muscle.
Concentric muscle action: when a muscle contraction is accompanied by shortening muscle tissue.
eccentric muscle action
—When a muscle develops tension while lengthening; resistive force is greater than
muscular force
Eccentric muscle action: when a muscle contraction is accompanied by lengthening muscle tissue.
isometric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it, leading to no visible
change in the muscle length.
when a muscle contraction is accompanied by no change in the length of the muscle tissue
contralateral
referring to a point on the opposite side of the body
ipsilateral
referring to a point on the same side of the body
hyperextension
the extension of a part of the body beyond normal limits
scapular retraction (adduction)
the act of sliding the shoulder blades toward the mid-line of the body.
scapular motion
the act of sliding the shoulder blades away from the mid-line of the body.
scapular depression
the act of sliding the shoulder blades inferiorly
scapular elevation
the act of sliding the shoulder blades superiorly
isokinetic muscle action
—When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.
Isokinetic muscle action: when a muscle maintains a constant speed during contraction.
force
movement that results in the slowing down or speeding up of an object.
length-tension relationships
optimal length of a muscle results in optimal force production
force-couple
a group of muscles that work together to produce force on a joint.
rotary motion
rotational movement of the joints.
Torque
something that produces or tends to produce torsion or rotation; the moment of a force or system of forces tending to cause rotation.
motor behavior
motor responese to an internal and external stimuli
connecting the mind and body for an optimal performance response.
motor control
How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to
produce a motor response.
is the process by which humans and animals use their brain/cognition to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs.
motor learning
—Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively
permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
the process of improving motor skills through practice, with long-lasting changes in the capability for responding.
motor development
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan
the growth of muscular coordination in an animal.
muscle synergies
—Groups of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to provide movement.
Muscles controlled by the CNS that act to produce the same movement.
proprioception
The cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb
movement
awareness of the position of one’s body produced by all sensory receptors
sensorimotor integration
the cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
feedback (motor learning)
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the Human Movement System in
motor learning.
a biological system in which the output or response affects the input, the sensory system collects input from the motor system to promote the learning of motor skills.
internal feedback
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement
and the environment
what you feel during or after you have performed or practiced the skill. Your feelings provide you with information about the outcome of your motor response.
external feedback
—Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or
heart rate monitor, to supplement feedback from the internal environment.
is information you receive about your performance from various sources, usually verbal, visual or written.
first-class lever
have the fulcrum in the middle, with the effort and resistance on either side; like a see-saw.
is a stick where the fulcrum is between the weight and the energy moving the weight (your hands, for example). Some common first-class levers are see-saws, crowbars, pliers, scissors (which use two first-class levers together), and a hammer pulling a nail.
second class lever
s have the resistance in the middle, with the fulcrum and effort on either side; like a
wheelbarrow
is a stick where the fulcrum is at one end of the stick, you push on the other end, and the weight is in the middle of the stick. Some common second-class levers are doors, staplers, wheelbarrows, and can openers.
third-class lever
have the effort in the middle, with the fulcrum and resistance on either side.
is a stick where the fulcrum is at one end of the stick, you push on the middle, and the weight is at the other end of the stick. With a third-class lever, you have to put in more energy than you would just lifting the weight, but you get the weight to move a longer distance in return. Some common examples are a broom, a hoe, a fishing rod, a baseball bat, and our own human arms
For concentric muscle
actions, faster contractions equal
lower force output
For eccentric contractions, the ability to generate force
_____ with faster contraction velocities
increases
Most segments of the body act as \_\_\_\_ class levers, with the fulcrum being the axis around which the joint rotates
third
isotonic
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement
occurs through a given range of motion
extension
is a straightening
movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
flexion
is a bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases (
horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
horizontal adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
scapular protraction (abduction)
Abduction of scapula;
shoulder blades move
away from the midline.
