Chapter 2

Question 1

human movement

Answer 1

The kinetic chain (human movement system) is made up of three primary systems. The skeletal system (bones and joints), the muscular system (ligaments, tendons, muscles, and fascia) and the nervous system (peripheral and central nerves).

Question 2

nervous system definition

Answer 2

One of the primary organ systems in the body. Is a combination of billions of cells that communicate with one another in a network within the body. The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the spinal cord and brain. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the human body.

Question 3

sensory function

Answer 3

The ability of the nervous system to notice changes in their external or internal environment. This is one of the three main functions of the nervous system.

Question 4

integrative function

Answer 4

The ability that the nervous system has to interpret and analyze sensory information. This allows for adequate decision-making and producing the correct response.

Question 5

motor function

Answer 5

This is the neuromuscular (Muscular and nervous system) response to sensory information. For example your body’s response by muscular contraction when you touch burning hot metal.

Question 6

neuron definition advanced

Answer 6

This is the functional unit of the nervous system. The nervous system is made up of billions of neurons. This allows it to communicate outside with the environment as well as internally with itself. Neuron’s transmit impulses through chemical and electrical signals. Neuron’s form the core of the spinal cord, brain and peripheral ganglia that make up the nervous system. A neuron has three main parts: Cell body, axon, and dendrites.

Question 7

sensory neurons afferent

Answer 7

This is a type of nerve cell that conducts impulses to the central nervous system from a sense organ.

Question 8

interneurons definition what they do

Answer 8

Interneurons send nerve in pulses between one another.

Question 9

motor neurons efferent

Answer 9

This is a type of nerve cell that sends impulses to glands, muscles and other effectors. Stimulates muscle contraction to initiate movement.

Question 10

mechanoreceptors

Answer 10

Specialized receptors that respond to pressure inside of tissues and transmit signals through sensory nerves. These respond to forces such as motion, sound waves, pressure, stretching and touch. It can sense the various distortions in the human body.

Question 11

muscle spindles

Answer 11

These are sensory receptors that sit parallel to muscular fibers. These special spindles are able to detect the length of a muscle and how fast it changes length. This helps to regulate the contraction of muscles by way of the stretch reflex mechanism. Its purpose is to help prevent and protect over stretching that could lead to muscular damage.

Question 12

golgi tendon orgns

Answer 12

Golgi tendon organs or GTO is another type of specialized sensory receptor. They are found where tendons attached to skeletal muscular fibers. These receptors can sense the change in muscular tension and the rate that this tension changes. When you activate the Golgi tendon organ it will cause a muscle to relax. This is to help prevent injury from excess stress and contraction.

Question 13

joint receptors

Answer 13

These receptors are located around the joint capsule. They respond to acceleration, deceleration, and pressure at the joint. They are able to sense extreme joint positions and send signals in order to prevent injuries.

Question 14

skeletal system

Answer 14

This is the body’s framework that is comprised of joints and bones. It provides the focus and shapes for bodies. It also creates blood for the human body and stores minerals. The functionality, growth, and maturation of the skeletal system can be affected by activity, nutrition, and posture.

Question 15

bones

Answer 15

Provide protection for vital organs and a resting place for muscles.

Question 16

joints

Answer 16

These are the junctions for muscles, bones and connective tissues where movement occurs. It is also known as articulation.

Question 17

axial skeleton

Answer 17

The area of the skeletal system that contains the rib cage, skull, and vertebral column. It consists of 80 bones.

Question 18

appendicular skeleton

Answer 18

This is the area of the skeletal system that consists of the lower and upper extremities. It’s basically the legs, arms, appendage in appendicular. This contains 126 bones.

Question 19

remodeling

Answer 19

This is the process of formation and resorption of bone. Is the process where the older bone is broken down and taken away by osteoclasts and new bone is made to replace it with cells called osteoblasts.

Question 20

osteoclasts

Answer 20

The cells that help remove bone tissue.

Question 21

osteoblasts

Answer 21

The cells that help create new bone tissue.

Question 22

epiphysis

Answer 22

located at the end of long bones and a place that contains a large portion of red marrow involved in the production of red blood cells. This is one of the main locations for bone growth.

Question 23

diaphysis

Answer 23

This is the long portion of the bone that is considered the shaft. It is much more compact and strong.

Question 24

epiphyseal plate

Answer 24

This is the area of the long bone that connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis. This is a dividing layer of cartilage in cells that grow lengthwise to create the diaphysis.

Question 25

periosteum

Answer 25

This is the dense and fibrous outer layer where muscles attach and a more delicate layer inside that can create bone.

Question 26

medullary cavity

Answer 26

This is the location where bone marrow is stored and where blood cell formation happens. Is a small cavity that is located in the shaft of the bone.

Question 27

articular cartilage hyaline

Answer 27

This is the inelastic, flexible yet firm type of connective tissue that is located at the end of bones at the joint.

Question 28

depressions

Answer 28

These are flat areas of a bone.

Question 29

processes

Answer 29

This is a part of the bone where ligaments in muscle attach.

Question 30

vertebral column

Answer 30

Made up of 24 bones that create the spinal column. There are 5 lumbar, 12 thoracic and 7 cervical.

Question 31

arthrokinematics

Answer 31

This is the description of joint surfaces when bones are put through a range of motion.

Question 32

synovial joints

Answer 32

These are joined bones that have a fibrous joint capsule. These joints produce synovial fluid that kind of looks like egg whites to protect the joints. Approximately eighty percent of joints in the human body are synovial joints.

Question 33

non-synovial joints

Answer 33

These are joints that are non-movable and exclude the joint cartilage, capsule, and ligaments. Mostly found in the distal joint of the fibula and tibia as well as the skull.

Question 34

ligaments

Answer 34

This is what connects bones to other bones and helps joint support.

Question 35

muscular system

Answer 35

The full collection of all of the muscles in the human body.

Question 36

epimysium

Answer 36

This is the layer of muscular connective tissue on the outside.

Question 37

perimysium

Answer 37

This is the muscular connective tissue in the middle that encompasses the muscle fascicle.

Question 38

endomysium

Answer 38

The deepest layer of the muscular connective tissue that covers muscle fibers.

Question 39

tendons

Answer 39

Connect skeletal muscles to the bone with a band of white, inelastic, dense and tough band of tissue.

Question 40

sarcomere

Answer 40

This is the functional unit of a muscle that produces contractions. It is comprised of actin and myosin. This is the repeating section of a muscle.

Question 41

neural activation

Answer 41

This is the process of nervous system activation of a muscle fiber by the means of the neuromuscular junction.

Question 42

motor unit

Answer 42

The motor neuron as well as all of the muscle fiber that it innervates.

Question 43

neurotransmitters

Answer 43

These are small chemical messengers that are able to cross the neuromuscular synapse (junction) in order to transmit these and electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.

Question 44

Type I slow twitch

Answer 44

These are also known as endurance fibers. They are smaller, produce less power, receive more oxygen and are more mitochondrial dense.

Question 45

Type II fast twitch

Answer 45

These do not have as much endurance, have less oxygen delivery, have short-term contractions, can produce more force and power and are larger than type I fibers.

Question 46

Type IIx

Answer 46

These have a low oxidative capacity and or quick to fatigue.

Question 47

Type lla

Answer 47

These have a higher oxidative capacity and will fatigue slower than type IIx. Another name for these is intermediate fast twitch muscle fibers.

Question 48

agonist

Answer 48

This is the prime mover

Question 49

synergist

Answer 49

This assists and helps the prime mover

Question 50

stabilizer muscles

Answer 50

These help with stabilizing the joints and the body during movement

Question 51

antagonist

Answer 51

These muscles relax in order to permit the prime mover to do its work.

Question 52

Th e three systems responsible for human movement are also referred to as
the

Answer 52

kinetic chain

Question 53

two major functions of bones

Answer 53

leverage and support

Question 54

why do exercise and posture influence health of skeletal system?

Answer 54

It is also worth noting that remodeling tends to follow the lines of stress placed on
the bone

Question 55

types of depressions in bones

Answer 55

fossa and sulcus

Question 56

all or nothing law

Answer 56

Motor units cannot, therefore,
vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all, As a result of the all or nothing law, the overall strength of a skeletal muscle contraction will depend on the size of the motor unit recruited (i.e., how many muscle
fi bers are contained within the unit) and the number of motor units that are activated
at a given time.

Question 57

endocrine system virtually aff ect all forms of human function including
(but not limited to)

Answer 57

triggering muscle contraction, stimulating protein and fat synthesis,
activating enzyme systems, regulating growth and metabolism, and determining how
the body will physically and emotionally respond to stress

Question 58

effects of exercise on glucose and glucagon

Answer 58

As activity levels increase, glucose uptake by the body’s
cells also increases. Th is is the result of an increased sensitivity of the cells to insulin;
thus, insulin levels will drop during physical activity ( 52 ). At the same time glucagon
secretion by the pancreas increases, thus helping maintain a steady supply of blood
glucose