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Biology > Chapter 5/7: Communicable diseases and treating disease > Flashcards

Chapter 5/7: Communicable diseases and treating disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do medicines do?

A

They soothe the effects of bacteria and viruses

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2
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

They damage bacteria and eventually kill them

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3
Q

Do antibiotics kill viruses, Protozoa or fungi?

A

No

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4
Q

Define Correlation

A

An apparent link or relationship between two things that happen

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5
Q

Communicable

A

An infectious disease passed on by pathogens.

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6
Q

Non communicable

A

Diseases which are not passed on from person to person

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7
Q

Define health

A

Health is a state of physical and mental wellbeing

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8
Q

Give examples of factors that cause mental and physical decay

A

Diet

Stress

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9
Q

Do different types of disease interact

A

Yes

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10
Q

What are the causes of communicable diseases

A

Things called pathogens. Bacteria viruses, fungi, protists

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11
Q

Why does bacteria make you feel ill?

A

Bacteria can produce toxins that make you feel ill

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12
Q

What do viruses do to your cells?

A

They live and reproduce inside your cells, causing cell damage

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13
Q

How do pathogens spread?

A

Direct contact
Air
Water

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14
Q

How does bacteria cause disease?

A

Bacteria divide rapidly by splitting in two. They may produce poisons that affect your body nd cells sometimes they directly damage your cells

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15
Q

How do viruses damage your cells?

A

They take over a body cell. They live and reproduce inside the cells, damaging and destroying them

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16
Q

Name some key ways that the spread of disease can be slowed and prevented

A

Simple hygiene
Destroying vectors
Isolation of infected
Vaccination

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17
Q

Describe the measles virus

A

It is spread by droplet infection.
It causes fever and a rash and can be fatal.
There is no cure.
Isolation of patients and vaccination prevents spread.

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18
Q

Describe HIV

A

HIV usually causes flu like symptoms.
Unless controlled it attacks the body immune system.
Late stage HIV infections or AIDS occurs when the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections.
It is spread through sexual contact or bodily fluids

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19
Q

Describe the tobacco mosaic virus

A

Is spread by contact and vectors.
It damages leaves and reduces photosynthesis.
No treatment.
Pest control and field hygiene prevent spread

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20
Q

Describe salmonella

A

It is spread through uncooked food or poor hygiene.
Symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, vomiting caused by toxins.
Poultry in U.K. Vaccinated

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21
Q

Describe gonorreah

A

An STD
Symptoms include discharge from genitalia and pain during urination.
Treatment involves antibiotics
Condoms and limiting sexual partners prevents spread

22
Q

Describe a bacteria affecting plants

A

Not many but agrobacterium tumefaciens causes galls

23
Q

Describe rose black spot

A

Spread by wind and water.
It damages leaves to fall off.
It is controlled by removing infected leaves and chemical sprays but is unaffective

24
Q

Describe malaria

A

I caused by parasitic Protists.
Spread by bite of female mosquitoes
It damages blood and liver cells.
Causes fevers and shaking and can be fatal.
Some drugs are effective
Spread reduced by using nets and stopping the vectors from breeding

25
Q

Give 5 examples of your body’s defence against pathogens

A 
Skin
Nose
Trachea
Bronchi
Stomach
26
Q

What do your white blood cells do?

A

They help to defend your body against pathogens by investing them and by making antibodies and antitoxins

27
Q

What happens when pathogen enters the body

A

The immune system attempt to destroy the pathogen

28
Q

What is vaccination?

A

Introducing small amounts of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body.
It stimulates the white blood cells to produce antibodies.
If the same live pathogen enters the body the white blood cells produce the correct antibodies to destroy the pathogen preventing infection

29
Q

Why is it important to get vaccinated?

A

If a large amount of the population is immune to a pathogen the spread is greatly reduced

30
Q

What are antigens?

A

Every cell has unique proteins on its surface called antigens.
Your immune system recognised the pathogens antigen is different to your own and attacks it.

31
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

They treat symptoms of disease but do not kill the pathogens that cause it

32
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

They cure bacterial disease by killing the bacterial pathogens

33
Q

Is the emergence of strains of bacterial resistant to antibiotics a concern?

A

Yes

34
Q

What has antibiotics done for fatality from infectious disease?

A

Improved them, less people die

35
Q

Why don’t antibiotics kill viruses?

A

Viruses reproduce inside the cells. It is difficult to develop drugs that can destroy viruses without damaging your body cells

36
Q

What drugs are extensively tested?

A

Efficacy, toxicity and dosage

37
Q

Where are new drugs first tested?

A

In laboratories using cells, tissues

38
Q

what does preclinical testing consist of?

A

In a laboratory on cells, tissue and live animals

39
Q

What do clinical trials consist of

A

They use healthy volunteers and patients. Low doses are used to test for safety followed by higher doses to test for dosage

40
Q

What are some patients given in a double blind trials

A

Some patients are given a placebo

41
Q

Give an example where different diseases interact in the body

A

Problem with the immune system can lead to an increased chance of communicable diseases such as influenza

42
Q

Give a pro and con of vaccination

A

Vaccines have helped control lots of communicable diseases that were once common.
Vaccines don’t always work and give you immunity.

43
Q

What is the efficacy of a drug?

A

Whether the drug works properly and produces the effects the you’re looking for

44
Q

What is the toxicity of a drug?

A

How harmful It is

45
Q

What is the dosage of a drug?

A

The concentration of a drug that should be given and how often it should be given

46
Q

Why are drugs tested on healthy human volunteers first?

A

To see if it has any negative effects on a healthy human body

47
Q

What is a placebo

A

It is given to patients in clinical trials. It does nothing but because the patient expects them to fell better it tricks the brain

48
Q

Why must results from drug testing be peer viewed?

A

To prevent any false claims

49
Q

Do medicines kill pathogens?

A

No

50
Q

Do they effect healthy human body cells?

A

No

Biology (14 decks)

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