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Biology > Chapter 4: Organising Animals and Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Organising Animals and Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels

A

Artery
Vein
Capillaries

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2
Q

How much blood does the average person have?

A

Between 4.7 and 5 litres of blood

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3
Q

How many red blood cells are there in the human body

A

5 million

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4
Q

Information about red blood cells?

A
  • They carry oxygen around the body.
  • They have no nucleus, making more space for haemoglobin.
  • They are biconcave disc.
  • They are packed with haemoglobin which binds to the oxygen.
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5
Q

Why are red blood cells biconcave?

A

Being concave gives them an increased surface area to increase the rate of diffusion of oxygen into the blood and alveoli.

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6
Q

What is plasma?

A

Your blood plasma is a yellow liquid . The plasma transports all of your blood cells and some other substances around your body.

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7
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

White blood cells make up part of the bodies defence system against harmful micro-organisms. It also has a nucleus unlike the red blood cell.

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8
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

They form antibodies against microorganisms.

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9
Q

What are Phagocytes?

A

They engulf and digest invading bacteria and viruses.

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10
Q

What are platelets?

A

They clot the blood at the site of the wound.

This produces a network of protein fibres that capture red blood cells and more platelets to form a jelly like clot.

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11
Q

What is blood clotting?

A

Blood clotting is a series of enzyme controlled reactions that result in converting fibrinogen to fibrin.

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12
Q

What makes up the human circulatory system?

A

The blood
Blood vessels
Heart

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13
Q

How do substances diffuse in and out of the blood

A

The capillaries

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14
Q

What do valves in the heart do?

A

They prevent back-flow and ensure that blood flows in the right direction

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15
Q

Why is the circulatory system in humans described as a double circulatory system

A

The first is made up of the right ventricle. It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. The blood then returns to the heart.
The second then pumps the oxygenated blood around the body

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16
Q

Name the 4 chambers of the heart

A

Right and left atrium

Right and left ventricle

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17
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

To provide blood for the heart

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18
Q

Why can enzymes be described as biological catalysts

A

Because they are produced by the body

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19
Q

Name the tubes that split of the trachea

A

Bronchus

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20
Q

Describe the role that the alveoli play in gas exchange

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood whilst oxygen diffuses in

21
Q

Why does the heart have a pacemaker and where is it

A

So that the heart beats regularly it is a small group of cells in the right atrium that control your heartbeat by producing an electrical pulse causing the muscle sto contract

22
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker?

A

It is a small device that is implanted under the sling with a wire connecting it to the heart. It produces small electrical impulses causing the muscle to contract to keep the heart beating regularly

23
Q

How are arteries adapted to carry blood away from the heart

A

They pump blood out at high pressure
They are strong and elastic
The walls are thick compared to the lumen
They contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back

24
Q

Describe how capillaries are adapted for their function

A

They run really close to individual cells to exchange substances such as food and oxygen, carbon dioxide.
They are permeable
They are only one cell thick it increase the rate of diffusion because it reduces the distance it happens

25
Q

Describe how veins are adapted to carry blood back to the heart

A

They have a bigger lumen

They have valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction

26
Q

What is a lumen?

A

The space inside the blood vessel for blood to flow

27
Q

Why don’t red blood cells have nucleus ?

A

So there is more room for carrying oxygenp

28
Q

What are statins?

A

Statins are drugs that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in the bloodstream. It slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming

29
Q

Give two advantages of statins.

A

By reducing the amount of bad cholesterol it can reduce the risk of strokes, heart disease and heart attacks.
It can increase the amount of good cholesterol in the blood and can destroy bad cholesterol.

30
Q

Give two disadvantages of statins

A

Statins are a long term drug and must be taken regularly.

Side effects include headaches, kidney failure, liver damage and memory loss

31
Q

What is a artificial heart?

A

A heart that is made out of plastic and metal that is a replacement for damage or dead heart. It is implanted through surgery and takes the job of pumping blood through the body whilst a donor is found

32
Q

What are the problems with artificial hearts

A

The device such as the mechanical motor can fail.
Blood doesn’t flow as well and can cause clotting.
The patient has to take drugs to thin their blood and is dangerous if they are injured because it is easier for them to bleed out.

33
Q

How can faulty heart valves lead to poor circulation?

A

If a valve is stiff and won’t open properly

If a valve is loose and leaking blood in the wrong direction it means blood doesn’t circulate as effectively.

34
Q

How can faulty heart valves be treated?

A

Faulty heart valves can be treated by replacing them with either a mechanical or biological valve.
Valves from other humans, cows and pigs are used or are man made

35
Q

Name all of the plant tissues

A 
Epidermal tissue
Palisade mesophyll tissue
Spongy mesophyll tissue
Xylem
Phloem
Meristem tissue
36
Q

What is epidermal tissue?

A

This tissue covers the whole plant. It is covered with a waxy cuticle, it helps to reduce water loss by evaporation. They are transparent

37
Q

What is palisade mesophyll tissue?

A

This is the part of the tissue where most photosynthesis happens. It contains lots of chloroplasts. They are near the top of the leaf where they can get most of the light

38
Q

What is spongy mesophyll tissue

A

It contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells. It increases the rate of diffusion of gases

39
Q

What is meristem tissue?

A

It is the undifferentiated cells at the tips of shoots and roots that can change into any other cell

40
Q

What is the lower epidermis

A

The lower part of the leaf. It contains stomata which diffuse carbon dioxide into the leaf. They are controlled by gaurd cells

41
Q

What are xylem?

A

They are made of dead cells joined end to end with no walls between them.
They are strengthen with a material called lignin.
They carry water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and stem.
The movement of water from the roots to the leaf through the xylem is called the transpiration stream

42
Q

What are phloem?

A

They are made of columns of living cells.
They have small pores in the end walls to allow sao to flow through.
They transport food mainly dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
The transport goes in both directions.
The process is called translocation.

43
Q

List the 4 main things that affect transpiration

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Air flow
humidity

44
Q

Name the cell that opens and closes the stomata

A

Guard cells

45
Q

Why is transpiration affected by light intensity?

A

The brighter the light the higher the rate of diffusion. The darker it gets the slower the rate of diffusion is. Photosynthesis can’t happen in dark so they don’t need to be open. Very little water can escape because they’re closed

46
Q

Why does air flow affect the rate of transpiration?

A

The better the air flow around a leaf the greater the transpiration rate. This is because if there isn’t wind then the water vapour will collect around the leaf. If this happens transpiration happens slower because there isn’t as much of a concentration gradient However if there is wind the rate of diffusion speeds up because of the concentration gradient

47
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?

A

The warmer it is the faster transpiration happens

48
Q

Why does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

The drier it is around a leaf the faster transpiration happens. If it is humid then there is a low concentration gradient between the leaf and the air so it happens slowly

49
Q

How are guard cells adapted and what do they do?

A

When the plant has lots of water the guard cells go plump and turgid this makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis. When the plant is low on water the cells become flaccid causing the stomata to close. They are sensitive to light and close at night. There are more stomata on the lower surface because it’s cooler and it won’t lose as much water.

Biology (14 decks)

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