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Biology > Chapter 11: Hormonal Coordination > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Hormonal Coordination Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

It is composed of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream the blood carries the hormone to a target organ where it produces an effect.

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2
Q

What are two differences between the nervous system and hormones

A

The effect of hormones are much slower than nerves

The effects of hormones are much longer lasting

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3
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

It is the master gland and secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions. Some of these hormones act on other glands and stimulate them to release hormones to bring about special effects.

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4
Q

What are the main endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes

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5
Q

What does the pituitary gland control?

A

Controls growth in children
Stimulates thyroid gland to make thyroxine to control metabolism
In women- stimulates the ovaries to produce and release eggs and make the female sex hormone oestrogen
In men- stimulates the testes to make sperm and the male sex hormone testosterone

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6
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Controls the metabolic rate of the body

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7
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Controls the levels of glucose in the blood

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8
Q

What does the adrenal gland do?

A

Prepares the body for stressful situations

Fight or flight response

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9
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

Controls the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the menstrual cycle

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10
Q

What do the testes do?

A

Controls the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the production of sperm

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11
Q

What is glucose used for in the body?

A

Glucose- the sugar used in respiration

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12
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Glycogen- a storage carbohydrate found in the liver and muscles becase it is insoluble in water

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13
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A hormone that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose
It is produced by the pancreas so that glucose is released back into the blood.
It interacts with insulin in a negative feedback cycle to control glucose levels

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14
Q

What controls and monitors your blood glucose concentration?

A

Pancreas

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15
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

The pancreas produces the hormone insulin which allows glucose to move from the blood into the cells and to be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles

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16
Q

What happens in type 1 diabetes?

A

The blood glucose may rise to fatally high levels because the pancreas doesn’t secrete enough insulin

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17
Q

What happens in type 2 diabetes?

A

The body stops responding to its own insulin

18
Q

How is type 1 diabetes controlled?

A

By injecting insulin directly into the blood to replace the hormone that is not made in the body

19
Q

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

A

It is treated by a carbohydrate controlled diet and doin more exercise, if this doesn’t work drugs may be needed.

20
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes?

A

It is linked to obesity, lack of exercise, and old age. It can be cured

21
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

It is an autoimmune disease which means your immune system attacks healthy body tissue in this case pancreas cells.

22
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback systems work to maintain a steady state.
If a factor in the internal environment increases, changes take place to reduce it and restore the original levels
If a factor in the internal environment decreases, changes take place to increase it and restore the original levels.

23
Q

An example of negative feedback in the body. (Thyroxine)

A

Thyroxine controls the basal metabolic rate of your body. In adults the levels remain relatively stable. It stays stable because of the negative feedback loop of TSH. It is produced by the pituitary gland. It causes the thyroxine gland to produce more thyroxine if the levels are low and less if the levels are high.

24
Q

An example of a hormone that doesn’t work in negative feedback?

A

The adrenal glands secrete adrenalin in times of fear or stress. It causes the heart rate to increase and respiration to increase to provide more energy to the muscle cells as well as increasing blood and glucose to brain. After the danger is over the adrenal glands stop producing adrenalin and the body goes back to its resting position

25
Q

What happens to hormones during puberty?

A

During puberty reproductive hormones cause secondary sexual characteristics to develop.
In males testosterone is released from the testes and stimulates sperm production.
In females oestrogen is produced it causes the eggs to develop and the girl starts her period

26
Q

What are the hormones in the female menstrual cycle?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Oestrogen
Progesterone

27
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone causes the egg in the ovary to mature

28
Q

What is LH?

A

Stimulates the release of the egg at ovulation

29
Q

What is Oestrogen?

A

It builds up the lining of the womb

30
Q

What is progesterone?

A

Maintains the lining of the womb

31
Q

Where is Lh produced?

A

Pituitary gland

32
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

33
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

Ovaries

34
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

Ovaries

35
Q

Describe the negative feedback loop of FOLP (FSH,O,LH,P)

A

FSH causes the egg to mature inside the ovary, after the egg matures it stimulates the release of Oestrogen which both builds up the uterus lining and also inhibits the production of FSH. After this LH Is produced which releases the egg into the fallopian tube, it also inhibits the production of oestrogen. After the egg is released progesterone is released which maintains the uterus lining, it inhibits no only LH but also FSH as secondary precaution.

36
Q

What is contraception?

A

It is preventing the egg and sperm meeting and implanting a fertilised egg in the uterus.

37
Q

How can fertility be controlled?

A

Through contraception- hormonal and non-hormonal methods

38
Q

3 examples of a hormonal contraceptive method?

A

The pill (comprised of progesterone and oestrogen)
Hormonal injections
Patches on the skin

39
Q

3 examples of non hormonal methods of contraception.

A

Condoms
Coil
Abstinence

40
Q

Why are FSH and LH given to women who are struggling with pregnancy?

A

FSH stimulates the maturity of eegs and LH triggers their release. It triggers ovulation in women with low levels of these hormones.

41
Q

Describe in vitro fertilisation?

A

First the woman is given high levels of FSH and LH which causes multiple eggs to mature. These eggs are taken from the ovary using a needle and are transported to a test tube where sperm cells are introduced. The sperm cells fertilise the egg. The egg is then put back inside the women’s uterus.

42
Q

What are the downsides to IVF treatment?

A

It is expensive- several thousand per treatment.
It is stressful and painful for the mother.
It can lead to multiple births
It is often unsuccessful

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