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Biology > Chapter 1:Cell structure and transport > Flashcards

Chapter 1:Cell structure and transport Flashcards

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1
Q

What are chromosomes? where are they found? And what do they contain?

A

The chromosomes carry your Genes which hold the information for an entirely new you
They are found in the nucleus

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2
Q

How many micrometers are in 1mm

A

1000um [ weird u ]

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3
Q

How many nanometers are in 1um

A

1000nm so 0.000,000,001m

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4
Q

How do you work out the magnification from a microscope using the formula?

A

Magnification = size of image / size of real object

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5
Q

How to work out the size of the real object from the formula for microscopes?

A

Real object = size of image/ magnification

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6
Q

Describe the formula triangle for microscope calculations

A

Image size at top
Magnification bottom left
Size of real object bottom right

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7
Q

Name the parts of an animal cell

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, chromosomes, ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria

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8
Q

Name the parts of a plant cell

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, chloroplast,cytoplasm, cell wall, vacuole , mitochondria, ribosomes

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9
Q

Name the parts of the animal and plant cells which are the same

A

The cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleus

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10
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

It controls all the activities within the cell and is surrounded by the nuclear membrane, it is around 10nm

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10
Q

Describe the cytoplasm

A

A liquid gel in which the organelles are suspended and where most of the reactions needed for life take place.

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11
Q

Describe the cell membrane

A

Controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral int the cell. It also controls the movement of substances such as urea and hormones out of the cell

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12
Q

Describe mitochondria

A

Structure within the cytoplasm where aerobic respiration takes place releasing energy for the cell

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13
Q

Describe ribosomes

A

The place where proteins syntheis takes place, making all the proteins needed in the cell

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14
Q

Describe chloroplasts

A

They are within the green parts of the cell, they are this colour because they contain the substance chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis.

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15
Q

Describe vacuole

A

It is a space inside the cytoplasm filled with cell sap, this is important to keeping the cell rigid to support the plant

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16
Q

What is an example of a eukaryotic cell?

A

An example of eukaryotic cells are human and plant cells

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17
Q

An example of a prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria all bacteria are prokaryotes

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18
Q

Describe a eukaryotic cell

A

They all have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material enclosed within the nucleus

19
Q

Describe a prokaryotic cell

A

Prokaryotic cells consist of cytoplasm, a cell membrane no surrounded by a cell walk, the DNA is not contained within the nucleus it forms a single DNA loop they also contain one or two more rings of DNA called plasmid

20
Q

State a use for the flagella

A

It is a long protein strain that lashes around it is used to move the bacteria around

21
Q

Define a specialised cell

A

A specialised cell is a cell which forms sub cellular structures to aid it in carrying out a particular function.

22
Q

State one adaptation of a nerve, muscle and sperm cell and how it aids the cell.

A

Nerve cell- they have lots of dendrites to make connections to other nerve cells
Muscle cell- they contain special proteins which slide over each other making the fibres contract
Sperm cell- it uses a flagella to move through the female reproductive system to the egg

23
Q

Give three examples of specialised cells in animals.

A

Nerve cells, muscle cells and sperm cells

24
Q

Give 1 example of an adaptation of a plant cell and what it does to aid the cell

A

Root hair cell- it has a large surface area increasing the amount of water that can move into the cell
Photosynthetic cell- they contain specialised cells called chloroplasts which trap light to be turned into energy
Phloem-the cell walls between the cells break down and form sieve like structures it allows water carrying dissolved food to move freely up the stem
Xylem-the cells are alive t first but lignin build up within the pants killing them and forming long hollow tubes for water and minerals to travel up nd down

25
Q

Define diffusion

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles in an area of high concentration moving in an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient

26
Q

Give an example of things that affect diffusion

A

Temperature.
Surface area.
The difference in concentration

27
Q

An example of diffusion in the human body

A

Dissolved substances such as glucose and urea and gasses move in and out of cells by diffusion

28
Q

What happens to an animal cell if the concentration changes dramatically?

A

It will be damaged

29
Q

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is the same as the internal concentration what state would the cell be in?

A

The solution is isotonic to the cell. Normal

30
Q

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is higher than the internal concentration the solution is?

A

Hypertonic to the cell. Shrivelled

31
Q

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is lower than the internal concentration the solution is?

A

Hypotonic to the cell. Burst

32
Q

Name the three states a cell can be in via osmosis and what it means for them to be in that state

A

Isotonic, normal
Hypotonic, burst
Hypertonic, shrivelled

33
Q

What is osmosis - define.

A

Osmosis is a special case of diffusion. It is the movement of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solute solution through a partially permeable membrane that allows water to pass through

34
Q

What is the point of osmosis in plants

A

It keeps the cell turgid, strong

35
Q

What is active transport?

A

It moves substances against the concentration gradient from a less concentrate solution to a more concentrate solution.

36
Q

Active transport works only if there is…

A

Energy is required for active transport to function

37
Q

Give an example of active transport in plants

A

It allows root hair cells to absorb water mineral ions required for growth from very dilute solution against the concentration gradient

38
Q

Give an example of active transport in humans

A

Sugar molecule used for cell respiration to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood where the concentration of sugar is higher.

39
Q

Describe two adaptations of an effective exchange surface

A

Having a large surface area where exchange can take place

Having a thin membrane or being thin to provide a short diffusion path.

40
Q

Describe three ways that a sperm cell is adapted

A

It is streamline
Has a flagella
Contains chromosomes that provide energy

41
Q

Give 2 ways that stem cells could be used to cure disease

A

The stem cells in bone marrow could help someone with faulty blood cells
Embryotic stem cells could be used to produce insulin producing cells for diabetics

42
Q

Name 3 things that can diffuse through cell membranes and two that can’t

A

Glucose oxygen and water can

Proteins and starch can’t

43
Q

What type of molecules move by osmosis

A

Water

44
Q

What is the main difference between active transport and diffusion.

A

Active transport requires energy. Remember the sheep pen.

45
Q

Give three adaptations of exchange surfaces that increase efficiency of diffusion

A

They will have a large surface area
Have a good blood supply
Have thin walls for quick diffusion

46
Q

Explain how leaves are adapted to maximise the amount of carbon dioxide going into the cells

A

They are flat increasing the area for gas exchange

The walls of the cells act as another exchange surface

Biology (14 decks)

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