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Bio 130 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the energy sources for cells

A

Sun and oxidizable organic molecules (carbs, fats, proteins)

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2
Q

What are the 6 kinds of biological work

A

Synthetic, mechanical, concentration, electrical, heat, and bioluminescence

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3
Q

what is the difference between an open and closed system

A

an open one can exchange energy (heat or work) with its surroundings

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4
Q

What are thermodynamics

A

governs flow of energy through a cell

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5
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics

A

conservation of energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed, it may be changed from one form to another

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6
Q

what is an exergonic reaction

A

final state is less than initial state

energy is released

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7
Q

Enthalpy

A

measure of energy in a thermodynamic system

^H

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8
Q

what is an endergonic reaction

A

Final state is greater than initial state

input of energey

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9
Q

Which kind of reaction has a positive ^H

A

Endergonic

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10
Q

During photosynthesis, what form of energy is utilized and what is it converted to

A

Utilized: light
Converted: light, heat, chemical

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11
Q

During respiration, what forms of energy are created

A

Chemical and heat

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12
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics

A

law of spontaneity

any system tends to spontaneously increase in entropy

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13
Q

Entropy

A

Measure of randomness (disorder)
^S
When ^S > 0, indicates disorder

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14
Q

Are naturally occurring processes are exergonic or endergonic

A

Exergonic, because it doesn’t require the input of energy

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15
Q

As the system becomes more random, what happens to the change in ^S

A

^S becomes less

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16
Q

What is Gibbs Free Energy

A

^G
measure of the spontaneity of a reaction
tells us if a reaction is thermodynamically feasible (that it can go, not that it will go)

17
Q

What is the equation for Gibbs Free Energy

A

^G = ^H - T x ^S

18
Q

what is the equation for enthalpy

A

^H = Hproducts - Hreactants

19
Q

What does it mean when ^G < 0

A

the reaction can occur spontaneously (it’s exergonic)

20
Q

What two factors must occur for the reaction to be able to occur

A

^G being negative and the availability of a pathway

21
Q

Keq

A

equilibrium constant
At 25C for reactions that are reversible
it is the ratio of product concentration to reactant concentration

22
Q

What is the equation for the equilibrium constant

A

Keq = [product]eq / [reactant]eq

23
Q

How does ^G compare to Keq

A

^G is lowest at equilibrium and higher the further you deviate

24
Q

When the stuff is at chemical equilibrium, what will the Keq be

A

1.0

25
Q

So what happens if concentration ratio is greater than 1

A

reaction goes to the left because it needs to produce more reactants

26
Q

What happens if concentration ratio is less than 1

A

reaction goes to the right to produce more products

27
Q

what are the standard conditions

A

at 25C, 1 atm pressure, pH=7, all products and reactants at 1 mole L-1

28
Q

what is the difference between ^G0’ and ^G’

A

the first one is at standard conditions and the second is at normal cellular conditions and pH=7

29
Q

what does it mean when ^G’ is positive

A

need to supply energy and a pathway

30
Q

what does it mean when ^G’=0

A

no work done so no energy required

Keq=1 at equilibrium

31
Q

equation for ^G0’

A

^G0’ = -R T Ln(K’eq)

32
Q

What does pr stand for

A

prevailing conditions

33
Q

equation for ^G’

A

^G’ = ^G0’ + R T Ln([products]pr / [reactants]pr)

34
Q

what is the gas constant

A

R= 1.987

35
Q

what is the T going to be at standard conditions

A

298K

36
Q

what is the meaning of the relationship between ^G0’ and K’eq

A

indicates how far from equilibrium the reaction lies

37
Q

What is the relationship between ^G0’ and K’eq

A

inverse

K’eq=1, ^G=0

38
Q

What is a steady state

A

where cells usually maintain themselves through which matter is flowing. it is not equilibrium because then the cell would stop having reactions

39
Q

Why is the ^G’ for ATP and underestimate

A

because of nonstandard conditions

Bio 130 (19 decks)

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