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Bio 130 > Chapter 19.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 19.1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the parts of interphase

A

G1 Phase, S phase, G2 Phase

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2
Q

what happens in G1 Phase

A

cell expansion

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3
Q

what happens in S phase

A

DNA synthesis

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4
Q

what happens in G2 phase

A

Structures for mitosis are created

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5
Q

What are the parts of M Phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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6
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cell

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7
Q

mitosis

A

division of nucleus

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8
Q

what must happen before you can make a new cell (regarding DNA)

A

must copy the DNA

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9
Q

what are the basic steps of DNA replication

A

H bonds are broken and each strand acts as a template to create a new complimentary strand

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10
Q

semi-conservation replication

A

each new DNA helix is now half old and half new DNA

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11
Q

Theta replication

A

one method of replication of circular DNA

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12
Q

steps of theta replication

A

begins at single origin, creates two replication forks and proceeds bi-directionally around the circle

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13
Q

replicons

A

multiple replication units

seen in eukaryotic DNA

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14
Q

Origin Recognition Complex (ORC)

A

binds to a replication origin

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15
Q

minichromosome maintenance complex (MCM Complex)

A

contains enzymes (DNA helicases) that can unzip DNA

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16
Q

what does it mean for DNA to be licensed

A

it is ready to be duplicated

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17
Q

what are the triophosphate deoxynucleoside derivatives

A

dATP, dTTP, dGTP, dCTP

the cleavage of the two terminal phosphates provides energy for polymerization

18
Q

leading strand

A

continuous and in the 3’-5’ direction so DNA can be synthesized 5’-3’

19
Q

lagging strand

A

5’-3’ so DNA has to be synthesized in okazaki fragments

20
Q

Proteins involved in unwinding DNA

A

DNA helicases, topoisomerases, and SSB’s

21
Q

DNA helicases

A

breaks the H bonds to unwind the DNA

22
Q

topoisomerase

A

prevents DNA from supercoiling as it’s being unwound

23
Q

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins (SSB)

A

binds to single-stranded DNA at replication fork and keeps DNA unwound

24
Q

DNA replication enzymes in prokaryotes

A

DNA Polymerase I, II, III

25
Q

exonuclease activity

A

proofreads

26
Q

replisome

A

replicating enzyme complex that carries out DNA synthesis at replication fork

27
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

reads 3’-5’ template to synthesize the new strand 5’-3’

continuous

28
Q

primosome

A

primase and 6 proteins that unwind DNA, recognize the base sequence, and initiate replication. later the RNA is removed and replaced with DNA

29
Q

what is the role of RNA primer, primase

A

to act as a starting point for synthesis of the new DNA

30
Q

DNA Ligase

A

attaches to any breaks and joins okazaki fragments

31
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

jumps in and changes RNA primer to DNA

32
Q

basics of lagging strand synthesis

A

primase comes in and synthesizes a starting point for the DNA polymerase III. It will synthesize 5’-3’ and create an okazaki fragment. then DNA poly I comes and replaces the primer with DNA and finally DNA ligase attaches and joins the any breaks and fragments

33
Q

which end are nucleotides degraded from

A

3’

34
Q

mutation

A

any change in DNA sequence

35
Q

DNA mismatch repair

A

the helix is distorted if bases don’t match up right which can be recognized and fixed

36
Q

spontaneous mutations include:

A

depurination and deamination

37
Q

depurination

A

loss of A or G

38
Q

deamination

A

change of C to U

39
Q

types of induced DNA damage

A

Radiation or chemicals

40
Q

Thymine dimers

A

2 T’s covalently bond so they won’t H bond

41
Q

intercalate

A

insertion of chemicals into DNA strands

42
Q

basic steps for repair

A

endonuclease excises damaged DNA
DNA polymerase fills in the gap
Nick sealed by DNA ligase

Bio 130 (19 decks)

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