Chapter 10 Flashcards
What determines what happens to pyruvate?
the presence of oxygen
what is the matrix
the inner most part of the mitochondria. kind of watery and similar to the stroma
what are cristae
folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria that increase surface area
what is the terminal electron acceptor and what does it mean
Oxygen
it gives electrons a place to land and stay
what are porins
openings in the outer membrane of mitochondria
what in the intermembrane space
everything between the outer and inner membrane
effectively continuous with cytosol
which membrane of mitochondria contain more proteins
inner
where are the enzymes for the TCA cycle located
the matrix
What three things basically happen during the TCA cycle
metabolism of acetyl CoA,
complete oxidation of substrate,
energy conserved in the form of coenzymes
what are the electron carriers of the Krebs cycle
NADH and FADH2
what enzyme turns pyruvate into acetyl CoA
pyruvate dehydrogenase
what two things are created when pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl CoA
CO2 and NADH
Between TCA1 to TCA4 what things are created
2 NADH and 2 CO2 released
What happens in TCA5
ATP is formed
What happens with TCA6
FADH2 is formed
What happens with TCA8
NADH is formed and OAA is regenerated
What are the products per acetyl CoA
2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
How does the amount of products per glucose compare to the amount per acetyl CoA
one glucose makes two pyruvate, so twice as many products
Can fats and/or proteins be used as well
Yes, they can be converted to acetyl CoA as well
glycolysis and Krebs don’t produce that much ATP, where is all the extra energy conserved
in the coenzymes which will use it to drive the synthesis of ATP
what is substrate-level phosphorylation
ADP becomes ATP with the direct transfer of a phosphate group
How many electrons go into complex I and how many H+ are pumped out of the matrix
2 electrons and 4 H+
how many H+ are pumped out from complex III
2 H+ are carried across by CoQH2 and complex III pumps 2 H+ out
what happens to the electrons in complex IV
passed to O2 which reduces it to water
how many H+ are pumped out of complex IV
2 H+
How many H+ are pumped out of the matrix by one NADH
10 H+
What does ATP Synthase do?
uses the energy from the proton gradient generated during electron transport to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi
Each 120 degree rotation of ATP synthase produces?
1 ATP
How many H+ does it take to create and release 1 ATP
3 H+
How many ATP does 1 FADH2 produce
2 ATP
How much ATP does 1 NADH produce in animal cells
2 ATP in most cells
3 ATP in liver, kidney, and heart
How much ATP does 1 NADH in plants produce
2 ATP from glycolysis
3 ATP from TCA
How many H+ are transported by 1 FADH2 and why is different
6 H+
because it drops its electrons off later in the transport chain
What is the maximum ATP yield per glucose
38 in animals and 36 in plants
About how much ATP is created by oxidative phosphorylation
34 ATP
Do all of the H+ go to the FoFi complex?
no, some energy of the proton gradient is used to drive transport of products
Endosymbiont Theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from ingestion of ancient bacteria cells
What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis
in- glucose
out- 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
What are the inputs and outputs of TCA cycle
in- acetyl CoA
out- OAA, 2 CO2, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH
What are the inputs and outputs of oxidative phosphorylation
in- NADH, FADH2
out- H2O, 34 ATP
What are the inputs and outputs of lactic acid fermentation
in- pyruvate
out- lactic acid and NAD+
What are the inputs and outputs of pyruvate oxidation
in- 1 pyruvate
out- 1 acetyl CoA, 1 CO2, 1 NADH
