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Bio 130 > Chapter 19.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 19.2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What parts of cell cycle make up interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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2
Q

what happens in G1

A

cell increases in size, nucleus moves to middle of cell, organelles divide

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3
Q

what is G0

A

when arrested cells stay in G1 (neurons are example of this)

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4
Q

what happens in S phase

A

DNA is replicated

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5
Q

what happens in G2 phase

A

structures necessary for mitosis are produced

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6
Q

steps of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphse, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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7
Q

parts of prophase

A

chromosomes condense

cytoskeleton begins to disassemble

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8
Q

centomere

A

constricted region of each chromatid where the sisters are attached

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9
Q

centrosome

A

microtubule organizing center

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10
Q

hallmarks of prometaphase

A

nuclear envelop disappears
nucleolus disappears
kinetochores develop
centrosomes move apart and spindle fibers appear

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11
Q

Kinetochore MT

A

attach to chromosomes at kinetochores

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12
Q

kinetochore

A

proteins associated with the centromere that acts as a handle for the spindle fibers

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13
Q

Polar MT

A

interact with spindles from opposite pole

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14
Q

Astral MT

A

form the asters at each pole which anchor centrosomes in place

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15
Q

Features of metaphase

A

chromosomes are maximally condensed
chromatids line up on metaphase plate
cell seems to pause

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16
Q

specifics of anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate at centromeres

move toward poles

17
Q

anaphase A movement

A

chromosomes pulled apart (toward centrosomes)

18
Q

anaphase B movement

A

poles themselves move apart

19
Q

steps of telophase

A 
daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles
chromosomes uncoil (elongate)
nucleoli develop
spindle disassembles 
nuclear envelopes form
cell undergoes cytokinesis
20
Q

Roles of mitotic motors

A

move chromosomes
movement of spindle poles
exert a pull on spindle poles

21
Q

how do mitotic motors work

A

use energy from ATP to change shape

22
Q

basic steps of cytokinesis in animal cells

A

formation of cleavage furrows in early anaphase
belt-like bundle of actin microfilaments make a contractile ring
ring closes separating the cells

23
Q

what makes up the contractile ring during cytokinesis

A

actin microfilaments

24
Q

basic steps of cytokinesis in plant cells

A

microtubules organized into phragmoplast
directs cell wall material to form cell plate
made of vesicles from the golgi
formation of cell plate

25
Q

what is phragmosome

A

zone of cytoplasm between nuclei

where cell plate is formed

26
Q

what is phragmoplast

A

barrel shaped structure that directs cell wall material to form cell plate

27
Q

restriction point

A

checkpoint in late G1 that checks for specific nutrients and growth factor

28
Q

G2-M transition

A

commitment to mitosis once passed

checks for cell size and DNA replication

29
Q

metaphase-anaphase transition

A

commitment to separate chromosomes

checks for chromosome attachment to spindle

30
Q

maturation promoting factor (MPF)

A

induces meiotic cell division

aka mitotic CdK-cyclin complex

31
Q

what type of cells are karyotypes taken from

A

metaphase arrested

32
Q

what drug is used to make karyotypes

A

colchine

interferes with metaphse-anaphase transition by hindering MT

33
Q

function of mitotic cyclin

A

regulates progression through euk cell cycle

increased levels lead to activation of MPF and mitosis

34
Q

which is stable and which cycles

A

stable is CdK

cyclin cycles

35
Q

steps of activation of CdK-cyclin complex

A
  1. mitotic CdK and cyclin form an incactive complex
  2. inhibiting kinase adds 2 Phosphates which block active site
  3. activating kinase adds third phosphate
  4. phosphatase removes the 2 inhibiting Pi
  5. CdK-cyclin becomes active
  6. stimulates phosphatase to produce more active complexes
36
Q

why must cyclin be degraded after mitosis

A

otherwise it would induce the cell to go through mitosis before it is ready

37
Q

what happens to cyclin levels during interphase

A

increases at a steady rate

Bio 130 (19 decks)

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