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Bio 130 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 most important properties of water

A

polar, cohesive, temperature-stabilizing, solvent

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2
Q

Lots of hydrogen causes which properties in water?

A

Cohesive nature, polarity

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3
Q

water’s cohesive nature causes what properties?

A

high specific heat
high heat of vaporization
high boiling point
high surface tension

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4
Q

Why are specific heat and heat of vaporization important?

A

Makes water good at absorbing heat from metabolic processes so we don’t cook ourselves, and also makes water a good coolant

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5
Q

Why is water a good solvent for so many substances?

A

most biological molecules are polar

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6
Q

amphipathetic molecule

A

Has hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

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7
Q

how are polymers synthesized?

A

Monomers are put together over and over to create long chains

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8
Q

self-assembly

A

the formation of macromolecules determined by what amino acids make it up and how they interact with each other

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9
Q

Monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

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10
Q

basic structure of amino acid

A

carboxyl group,
amino group,
hydrogen,
R group

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11
Q

Peptide bonds

A

links amino acids together in polypeptide chain

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12
Q

how do peptide bonds form?

A

Covalent bond between carboxyl and amino groups. Add the free amino end to the C-terminus with the carboxyl group

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13
Q

How is the directionality of a protein described?

A

The end with the amino group is the N-terminus and the one with the carboxyl group is the C-terminus. It goes from N to C

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14
Q

Primary protein structure

A

sequence of amino acids

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15
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

folding; caused by hydrogen bonding; creates helix or pleated sheet

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16
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

3D folding; interactions between R group, determined by positive and negative charges, hydrophilic/phobic interactions, ionic or covalent bonds

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17
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

multiple polypeptides; same as tertiary; hydrogen bonds,electrostatic interactions, van der Waals, hydrophobic interactions, and covalent disulfide bonds

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18
Q

Fatty acid

A

hydrogen chain with an acid at one end

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19
Q

what does the 3’ end of a nucleic acid have attached to it

A

free sugar

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20
Q

which end do you add to when making chains of nucleic acids?

A

3’ end

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21
Q

which end are amino groups added to

A

C-terminus

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22
Q

function of lipids

A

membrane structure and energy storage

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23
Q

which polysaccharide?

G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G

A

Starch

storage form of glucose in plants

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24
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

breaks down proteins into small chunks and eventually amino acids

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25
Q

What is attached to the 5’ end of a nucleic acid?

A

phosphate group

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26
Q

glycolipids

A

glycerol + three fatty acids + a carbohydrate attached

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27
Q

what are the purines

A

adenine and guanine

28
Q

what are the pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

29
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars

30
Q

3 parts of a nucleotide

A

sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

31
Q

Functions of polysaccharides

A

Storage (starch and glycogen)

Structure (cellulose, bacterial cell wall, chitin)

32
Q

Polymer

A

large macromolecules made up of many monomers

33
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

34
Q

which lipids have fatty acids with straight tails

A

saturated

35
Q

unsaturated lipids

A

hydrogens are missing so carbons must form double bonds

36
Q

what does it mean to be a solvent?

A

things can dissolve in it

37
Q

monosaccharides monomer for…

A

polysaccharides

38
Q

phospholipids

A

glycerol with two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group attached to a hydrophilic alcohol

39
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

linking 3’ carbon end with 5’ end of another

40
Q

nucleotides are monomers for…

A

nucleic acids

41
Q

what are the three carbohydrates made entirely of glucose?

A

cellulose, glycogen, starch

42
Q

heat of vaporization

A

energy required to convert a liquid to a gas

43
Q

Which polysaccharide?
G G G
/ / /
G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G

A

glycogen

storage form of glucose for animals

44
Q

specific heat

A

how hot before it changes temperature

45
Q

Molecule

A

formed after a chemical bond between electron shells of atoms

46
Q

polysaccharides

A

long chain polymers of sugars and derivatives

47
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate
RNA base
provides energy for many cellular functions

48
Q

Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

long term energy storage in animals

49
Q

which polysaccharide?
G-G-G-G-G-G-G
I I I
G-G-G-G-G-G-G

A

Cellulose

plant cell wall

50
Q

which of the two types of amino acids is found in proteins

A

L-amino acids

51
Q

Monomers

A

repeating units

52
Q

what 2 things are required for a peptide bond to form?

A

energy and info

ATP) (DNA

53
Q

Saturated lipids

A

max number of hydrogens

all carbons are single bonded

54
Q

multimeric protien

A

protein made up of two or more polypeptide chains (quaternary folding)

55
Q

molecular chaperones

A

facilitate correct assembly of large macromolecules

56
Q

Nucleoside

A

nucleotide with phosphate removed

57
Q

fatty acids monomer for…

A

lipids

58
Q

oligosaccharides

A

short chain of sugars

59
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

bond linking sugar to another molecule

60
Q

cohesive nature of water

A

water molecules like to bond with each other

61
Q

Sterols

A

4 fused hydrocarbon strings

rigid, no fatty acids

62
Q

condensation reactions

A

two monomers form a covalent bond and a water molecule is formed

63
Q

peptide bond

A

amide bond between amino acids

64
Q

what is the N-terminus

A

the free amino group end of a protein or polypeptide

65
Q

Amide bond

A

covalent bond between carboxyl and amino group

Bio 130 (19 decks)

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