Chapter 3 Flashcards
4 most important properties of water
polar, cohesive, temperature-stabilizing, solvent
Lots of hydrogen causes which properties in water?
Cohesive nature, polarity
water’s cohesive nature causes what properties?
high specific heat
high heat of vaporization
high boiling point
high surface tension
Why are specific heat and heat of vaporization important?
Makes water good at absorbing heat from metabolic processes so we don’t cook ourselves, and also makes water a good coolant
Why is water a good solvent for so many substances?
most biological molecules are polar
amphipathetic molecule
Has hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
how are polymers synthesized?
Monomers are put together over and over to create long chains
self-assembly
the formation of macromolecules determined by what amino acids make it up and how they interact with each other
Monomer of proteins?
amino acids
basic structure of amino acid
carboxyl group,
amino group,
hydrogen,
R group
Peptide bonds
links amino acids together in polypeptide chain
how do peptide bonds form?
Covalent bond between carboxyl and amino groups. Add the free amino end to the C-terminus with the carboxyl group
How is the directionality of a protein described?
The end with the amino group is the N-terminus and the one with the carboxyl group is the C-terminus. It goes from N to C
Primary protein structure
sequence of amino acids
Secondary protein structure
folding; caused by hydrogen bonding; creates helix or pleated sheet
Tertiary protein structure
3D folding; interactions between R group, determined by positive and negative charges, hydrophilic/phobic interactions, ionic or covalent bonds
Quaternary protein structure
multiple polypeptides; same as tertiary; hydrogen bonds,electrostatic interactions, van der Waals, hydrophobic interactions, and covalent disulfide bonds
Fatty acid
hydrogen chain with an acid at one end
what does the 3’ end of a nucleic acid have attached to it
free sugar
which end do you add to when making chains of nucleic acids?
3’ end
which end are amino groups added to
C-terminus
function of lipids
membrane structure and energy storage
which polysaccharide?
G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G
Starch
storage form of glucose in plants
Hydrolysis reaction
breaks down proteins into small chunks and eventually amino acids
What is attached to the 5’ end of a nucleic acid?
phosphate group
glycolipids
glycerol + three fatty acids + a carbohydrate attached
what are the purines
adenine and guanine
what are the pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil
monosaccharides
simple sugars
3 parts of a nucleotide
sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
Functions of polysaccharides
Storage (starch and glycogen)
Structure (cellulose, bacterial cell wall, chitin)
Polymer
large macromolecules made up of many monomers
what are the nitrogenous bases
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
which lipids have fatty acids with straight tails
saturated
unsaturated lipids
hydrogens are missing so carbons must form double bonds
what does it mean to be a solvent?
things can dissolve in it
monosaccharides monomer for…
polysaccharides
phospholipids
glycerol with two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group attached to a hydrophilic alcohol
phosphodiester bond
linking 3’ carbon end with 5’ end of another
nucleotides are monomers for…
nucleic acids
what are the three carbohydrates made entirely of glucose?
cellulose, glycogen, starch
heat of vaporization
energy required to convert a liquid to a gas
Which polysaccharide?
G G G
/ / /
G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G
glycogen
storage form of glucose for animals
specific heat
how hot before it changes temperature
Molecule
formed after a chemical bond between electron shells of atoms
polysaccharides
long chain polymers of sugars and derivatives
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
RNA base
provides energy for many cellular functions
Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
long term energy storage in animals
which polysaccharide?
G-G-G-G-G-G-G
I I I
G-G-G-G-G-G-G
Cellulose
plant cell wall
which of the two types of amino acids is found in proteins
L-amino acids
Monomers
repeating units
what 2 things are required for a peptide bond to form?
energy and info
ATP) (DNA
Saturated lipids
max number of hydrogens
all carbons are single bonded
multimeric protien
protein made up of two or more polypeptide chains (quaternary folding)
molecular chaperones
facilitate correct assembly of large macromolecules
Nucleoside
nucleotide with phosphate removed
fatty acids monomer for…
lipids
oligosaccharides
short chain of sugars
Glycosidic bond
bond linking sugar to another molecule
cohesive nature of water
water molecules like to bond with each other
Sterols
4 fused hydrocarbon strings
rigid, no fatty acids
condensation reactions
two monomers form a covalent bond and a water molecule is formed
peptide bond
amide bond between amino acids
what is the N-terminus
the free amino group end of a protein or polypeptide
Amide bond
covalent bond between carboxyl and amino group
