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Bio 130 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

segment of DNA that codes for specific trait

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2
Q

Locus

A

location on a chromosome

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3
Q

Allele

A

variation of a gene

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4
Q

Homozygous

A

having 2 identical alleles at a certain loci

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5
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles at a certain loci

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6
Q

Genotype

A

description of genes carried by a person

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7
Q

phenotype

A

description of the appearance of an individual, or function of a protein

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8
Q

somatic cell

A

body cell; divides by mitosis

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9
Q

germ cell

A

reproductive cell; divides by meiosis

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10
Q

diploid

A

cells with 2 copies of each chromosome (2N)

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11
Q

haploid

A

cell with only one copy of each chr (N)

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12
Q

asexual reproduction

A

uses mitosis and results in identical offspring

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13
Q

3 examples of asexual reproduction

A

mitotic division of unicellular organisms,
budding of multicellular organisms,
regeneration of pieces of organisms

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14
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

uses meiosis

germ cells become haploid

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15
Q

interphase of meiosis

A

same as mitosis. DNA still replicates in S phase

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16
Q

results of meiosis

A

4 haploid cells

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17
Q

Meiosis I

A

Reduction division,
separation of homologous chr,
results in 2 haploid cells

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18
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

matching chrs from each parent

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19
Q

reduction division

A

from diploid to haploid

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20
Q

separation division

A

separation of sister chromatids

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21
Q

Prophase I

A 
condensation of chromatin, 
nucleoli disappear,
spindle formation,
nuclear envelope breaks down,
paring of homologous chrs and crossing over
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22
Q

Metaphase I

A

bivalents align at spindle equator,
spindle fibers attach to 1 kinetochore from each chr,
chr alignment is random

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23
Q

Bivalent

A

paired homologous chrs

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24
Q

Anaphase I

A

homologous chrs separated,
move to opposite poles,
still made of sister chromatids

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25
Q

Telophase I

A

chrs arrive at poles,
nuclear envelope forms,
cytokinesis makes 2 haploid cells

26
Q

Meiosis II

A

separation division,
may be separated from Meiosis I by short interphase,
results in 4 haploid cells,
similar to mitosis

27
Q

what’s the interphase between meiosis I and II like

A

needed to make some proteins and stuff for the next step but there is no replication of DNA

28
Q

Prophase II

A

chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle apparatus forms

29
Q

Metaphase II

A

chromosomes align on metaphase plate (only half as many this time)

30
Q

Anaphase II

A

sister chromatids seperated

31
Q

Telophase II

A

chrs reach poles, decondense, and nuclear envelope forms
followed by cytokinesis
results in 4 haploid cells with variable allele combos

32
Q

Gametogenesis results in males

A

4 haploid sperm

33
Q

Gametogenesis results in females

A

1 haploid egg cell and 3 polar bodies

34
Q

Diplotene

A

the arrested egg cells that require a growth phase during prophase I

35
Q

why do polar bodies form

A

unequal division of cytoplasm; because the egg needs to contain all of the protein, RNA, and nutrition needed for embryonic development

36
Q

Genetic variability is the result of

A

crossing over during prophase I,
random assortment of chrs during metaphase I,
random combo of gametes at fertilization

37
Q

why is sexual reproduction an advantage

A

genetic variability

38
Q

results of mendel’s experiments

A

breeding 2 F1 plants created an appearance of both phenotypes in a 3:1 ratio in the F2 gen

39
Q

what happened to the F1 gen after breeding two different P1 parents

A

F1 showed only the dominant traits

40
Q

mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

the alleles of one gene segregate independently of the alleles of other genes (if located far away)

41
Q

mendel’s law of segregation

A

2 alleles of a gene are distinct entities that separate from one another during formation of gametes

42
Q

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance (5 parts)

A

Nuclei of all cells (except gametes) have 2 sets of chrs;
Homologous chrs segregate independently;
homologous chrs synapse and segregate into 2 diff cells during meiosis;
each chr set carries a similar set of genes;
chrs retain their individuality

43
Q

Crossing over

A

genetic recombination between homologous chrs which results in an exchange of genetic material between maternal and paternal chrs

44
Q

non-independent assortment

A

linked genes are located close together on the same chr so they are often inherited together

45
Q

Genetic mapping

A

more tightly linked genes are located closer together so they have less of a chance of crossing over to happen between them

46
Q

genetic mapping measurements

A

centimorgans or map units;

corresponds to frequency of recombination

47
Q

Mendelian inheritance

A

trait controlled by a single gene, only two alleles for that gene, 1 allele is completely dominant

48
Q

what are the 5 exceptions to mendelian inheritance

A

linked genes, codominance, incomplete dominance, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance

49
Q

codominance

A

the effect of both alleles are present (red cow + white cow = red and white splotches)

50
Q

incomplete dominance

A

blending of 2 phenotypes (red flower + white flower = pink flower)

51
Q

pleiotropy

A

when single gene results in multiple effects (marfan affects heart, muscle, etc)

52
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

continuous variation observed in phenotype (skin color or height); many different loci involved; (greater number of genes involved the more continuous the variation)

53
Q

nondisjunction

A

failure of homologous or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis

54
Q

aneuploidy

A

result of nondisjunction

one cell with missing copies of chrs; one cell with extra copies of chrs

55
Q

typical cause of nondisjunction

A

failure of spindle fibers

56
Q

“best” place for nondisjunction to occur

A

meiosis II because half of the gametes will be normal

57
Q

down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21- 3 copies of chr 21

58
Q

Turner Syndrome X0

A

nondisjunction in father; most spontaneously aborted; survivors are short

59
Q

XXX syndrome

A

fertile females, slight learning disabilities

60
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome XXY

A

usually nondisjunction in mother; tall men, often sterile

61
Q

XYY condition

A

taller than average males, some mentally impaired, nondisjunction in father

Bio 130 (19 decks)

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