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Bio 130 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene expression

A

going from info in the nucleus on a DNA molecule to getting an actual functioning protein

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2
Q

Nucleotide language to nucleotide language

A

transcription

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3
Q

nucleotide language to amino acid language

A

translation

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4
Q

bases in RNA

A

G=C; A=U

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5
Q

types of RNA

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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6
Q

two parts of DNA used for making messenger RNA

A

coding strand and template strand

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7
Q

coding strand

A

identical to the RNA except it has T instead of U; it is the non-template strand of the DNA

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8
Q

template strand

A

serves as a template for RNA synthesis

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9
Q

Basic steps of transcription

A
  1. DNA helix is open
  2. RNA pol binds to DNA
  3. Reads signal strand 3’ to 5’
  4. Synthesize mRNA 5’ to 3’
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10
Q

promoter region

A

where RNA pol binds to DNA; tells RNA pol where it needs to start making RNA

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11
Q

operon model for prok

A

a group of genes with related functions under control of one promoter

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12
Q

what are the 2 sequences upstream from startpoint for prok promoter

A

6-nucleotide -10 sequence (TAATAT box or prinbow box);

6-nucleotide -35 sequence

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13
Q

what does a highly conserved region mean

A

very often it is the same sequence even in different species

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14
Q

RNA proofreading

A

exonuclease activity of the RNA pol

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15
Q

about how many base pairs does RNA pol bind to

A

30

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16
Q

termination signal

A

RNA sequence that when transcribed, stops elongation

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17
Q

2 termination methods

A

Rho factor or intrinsic termination

18
Q

intrinsic termination

A

GC rich region followed by U rich resides near the 3’ end. hairpin loop tends to pull RNA away from DNA

19
Q

rho factor one

A

participation of another protein, rho factor. ATP dependent unwinding enzyme that unwinds the new RNA away from the DNA template

20
Q

polycistronic

A

one message; many proteins;

single mRNA coding for more than 1 protein

21
Q

3 characteristics of prok mRNA

A

polycistronic, no post-transcriptional modifications, immediately available for translation

22
Q

why is mRNA immediately available in proks

A

there is no nucleus, so oftentimes a ribosome will latch on and start translating before transcription is even complete

23
Q

Differences in euk transcription (6)

A

3 diff polymerases, promoters are more varied, transcription factors, extensive RNA processing, protein-protein interaction, RNA cleavage

24
Q

transcription factors

A

required to bind RNA pol

25
Q

extensive RNA processing really means

A

post-transcriptional modification

26
Q

protein-protein interactions

A

bind to DNA and/RNA

27
Q

RNA pol I

A

in nucleolus; synthesizes rRNA

28
Q

RNA pol II

A

synthesizes precursor mRNA, snRNA, and microRNAs

29
Q

RNA pol III

A

synthesizes small RNAs such as tRNA

30
Q

RNA pol I promoter

A

core promoter- extends into sequence that is transcribed;

upstream control element- similar sequence to core promoter

31
Q

RNA pol II promoter

A

core promoter composed of initiator (Inr), TATA box, TFIIB recognition element (BRE), downstream promoter element (DPE)

32
Q

RNA pol III promoter

A

promoters are entirely downstream of transcription start site

33
Q

upstream means

A

it is located before the start site. downstream is after

34
Q

how are polymerases recruited

A

based on which promoters there are

35
Q

how are transcription factors named

A

TF(roman numeral, letter)
ex. TFIIA
roman numeral for polymerase and letter for its order

36
Q

starting transcription factor

A

TFIID, which binds to DNA, then other TFs bind to TFIID

37
Q

One method of euk termination

A

euk RNA cleavage

38
Q

euk RNA cleavage

A

RNA is cut away from DNA molecule 10-35 nucleotides downstream from a special AAUAAA sequence

39
Q

4 kinds of euk RNA processing

A

3’ poly(A) tails, 5’ capping, intron removal, chemical modifications

40
Q

splicesomes

A

remove introns

41
Q

purpose of removing introns

A

alternative splicing increases variation

Bio 130 (19 decks)

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