Chapter 5

Question 1

Self concept

.

Answer 1

a person’s knowledge about him or herself, including one’s own traits, social identities, and experiences

Question 2

Social identity theory

Answer 2

the theory that people define and value themselves largely in terms of the social groups with which they identify

Question 3

Ego

Answer 3

the aspect of self that directs one’s thoughts and actions.

Question 4

Social role theory

Answer 4

the theory that gender differences in behavior personality and self-definition arise because of a long history of role distribution between the sexes.

Question 5

Self schema

Answer 5

an integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about an attribute that is part of one’s self concept

Question 6

Working self concept

Answer 6

the portion of oneself schema that is currently activated and strongly influences thoughts, feelings, and action.

Question 7

Solo status

Answer 7

a sense that one is unique in some specific manner in relation to other people in the current environment

Question 8

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 8

the perspective that people use their understanding of how significant people in their lives view them as the primary basis for knowing and evaluating themselves

Question 9

Looking Glass self

Answer 9

the idea that significant people in our lives reflect back to us, like a mirror, who we are by how they behave towards us.

Question 10

Appraisals

Answer 10

what other people think about us.

Question 11

Reflected appraisals

Answer 11

what we think other people think about us.

Question 12

Social comparison theory

Answer 12

the theory that people come to know themselves partly by comparing themselves with similar others.

Question 13

Downward comparison

Answer 13

comparing oneself with those who are worse off.

Question 14

Upward comparison

Answer 14

comparing oneself with those who are better off

Question 15

Better than average effect

Answer 15

the tendency to rank oneself higher than most people on positive attributes.

Question 16

Self-perception theory

Answer 16

the theory that people sometimes infer their attitudes and attributes by observing their behavior in the situation in which it occurs.

Question 17

Facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 17

the idea that changes in facial expression elicits emotions associated with those expressions.

Question 18

Two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 18

the theory that people’s emotions are the product of both of their arousal level and how they interpret that arousal.

Question 19

Misattribution of arousal

Answer 19

ascribing arousal resulting from one source to a different source.

Question 20

Excitation transfer Theory

Answer 20

the idea that leftover arousal caused by an initial event can intensify emotional reactions to a second event.

Question 21

Self-awareness theory

Answer 21

the theory that aspects of the self - 1 attitudes, values, and goals - will be most likely to influence behavior when attention is focused on the self

Question 22

Self-regulation

Answer 22

the process of getting one thoughts, feelings, and behavior to reach desired goals.

Question 23

Self discrepancy theory

Answer 23

the theory that people feelings iety when they fall short of how they ought to be, they feel sad when they fall short of how they ideally want to be.

Question 24

Expectancy value theory

Answer 24

the theory that effort is based on the value or desirability of the goal, multiplied by the person’s assessment of how likely it is that she will be able to attain the goal.

Question 25

Auto motive theory

Answer 25

the theory that even settle exposure to go related stimuli can automatically activate the goal and guide behavior

Question 26

Action identification theory

Answer 26

the theory that explains how people conceive of action - their own or others - in ways that range from very concrete do very abstract

Question 27

Construal level theory

Answer 27

the theory that people focus more on concrete details when thinking about the near future, but focus more on abstract meaning when thinking about the distant future.

Question 28

Affective forecasting

Answer 28

predicting what one’s emotional reaction to potential future events will be.

Question 29

Ironic processing

Answer 29

the idea that the more we try not to think about something, the more those thoughts into our mind and distract us from other things.

Question 30

Monitor

Answer 30

the mental process that is on the lookout for signs of unwanted thoughts.

Question 31

Operator

Answer 31

the mental process that actively pushes any signs of unwanted thoughts out of consciousness.

Question 32

Ego depletion

Answer 32

the idea that Eagle strength becomes depleted by extended bouts of self control.

Question 33

Cognitive reappraisal

Answer 33

the cognitive reframing of a situation to minimize one’s emotional reaction to it.

Question 34

Implementation intentions

Answer 34

mental rules that link particular situation accuse to goal directed behaviors.

Question 35

Self regulatory preservation theory of depression

Answer 35

the theory that one way in which people can fall into depression is by persistent self focused on unattainable goals.