Chapter 10

Question 1

How is prejudice defined?

Answer 1

A negative attitude toward an individual solely on the basis of that person’s presumed membership in a particular group. The person is NOT disliked based on their attributes or actions.

Question 2

What are the three negative characteristics of prejudice?

Answer 2

1) It involves judging an individual negatively independent of the person’s actual attributes or actions.
2) Groups will include members that are on a spectrum. We tend to believe that every member posses the same attitudes or characteristics of a group and therefore treat all the same equally.
3) Prejudice has led to violence against innocent people.

Question 3

Stereotypes

Answer 3

Overgeneralized beliefs about the traits and attributes of members of a particular group. Not all stereotypes are negative, but they usually are for outgroups.

Question 4

Discrimination

Answer 4

Negative behavior toward an individual solely on the basis of membership in a particular group. Discrimination is often the consequence of the negative attitude (prejudice) and beliefs (stereotypes) a person holds.

Question 5

What are the three basic causes of prejudice?

Answer 5

1) Hostile feelings linked to a category - We feel hostility when we are threatened or witness things that are unjust or unpleasant. And we also categorize people - the brain emits event-related potentials dealing with increased attention and categorization. When categorization and hostility are salient - we are prejudice.
2) Ingroup bias: We like things that are more comfortable (ingroup), rather unfamiliar (outgroup). We also have a self-serving bias towards the group we belong to. Ingroup bias also serves self-esteem needs.
3) We are raised in a particular cultural worldview that tells us what is wrong and what is good. If our worldview portrays certain groups are negative, then we will grow up believing that.

Question 6

What is the realistic group conflict theory?

Answer 6

It is the theory that proposes that hostility, conflict, and competition arise between two groups when there are scarce resources being shared.

Question 7

How does intergroup anxiety theory build on realistic group conflict theory?

Answer 7

It argues that historical conflict between two groups makes members of both groups anxious in their encounters with each other.

Question 8

When people feel bad about themselves, they seem to compensate through downward comparison by thinking more ______ of outgroups.

Answer 8

Harshly

Question 9

What is scapegoating?

Answer 9

The phenomenon whereby people who feel inferior. guilty, anxious, or unsuccessful will blame and outgroup for their troubles.

Question 10

Ethnocentrism

Answer 10

Viewing the world through our own cultural value system and thereby judging actions and people based on our own culture’s views of right and wrong and good and bad. “Cultural X only bathes twice a month is compulsive!”

Question 11

Symbolic Racism

Answer 11

A tendency to express negative biases held about a racial outgroup not at the group directly, but at social policies seen as benefiting that group.

Question 12

Based on the Terror Management Theory, who do we view more positively when we are reminded of our mortality? Who do we view more negatively?

Answer 12

We view other groups who support our worldview more positively (like Christians viewing other domination of Christians). We view those who do not support our world view more negatively (Christians and Jews). We also view disabled more negatively because they remind us of our physical vulnerabilities.

Question 13

Institutional discrimination

Answer 13

Unfair restrictions on opportunities for certain groups of people through institutional policies, structural power relations, and formal laws. (Like a height requirement for police officers - which would automatically exclude most women).

Question 14

Ambivalent racism

Answer 14

The influence on White Americans’ racial attitudes by two clashing sets of values: a belief in individualism and a belief in egalitarianism. Many Whites hold anti-Black and pro-Black attitudes because of this.

Question 15

Based on the idea of ambivalent racism, which value will people choose?

Answer 15

Whichever is more salient or active.

Question 16

When people think about _____, they tend to be more prejudice, where as when people think more about______, they tend to be less prejudice.

Answer 16

individualism, egalitarianism (pg. 364)

Question 17

Aversive Racism

Answer 17

Conflicting, often nonconscious, negative feelings about African Americans that Americans may have, even though most do in fact support principles of racial equality and do not knowingly discriminate.

Question 18

Implicit prejudice

Answer 18

Negative attitudes or affective reactions associated with an outgroup, for which the individual has little or no conscious awareness and which can be automatically activated in intergroup encounters.

Question 19

What are some physiological measures of bias?

Answer 19

heart pumps more blood, veins and arteries contract, and brows and cheeks made subtle movements. They also have responses from the amygdala - which signals a threat or negative emotion.

Question 20

Where do people’s stereotypic beliefs come from?

Answer 20

Parents, friends, media.

Question 21

What is the kernel of truth hypothesis?

Answer 21

The idea that some stereotypes may be based on actual differences in the average traits or behaviors associated with two or more groups. But when it comes to personality traits, this is little support for this hypothesis. (pg 370).

Question 22

Men are typically stereotyped as ______ (assertive, aggressive, and achievement oriented) whereas women are stereotyped as _______ (warm, empathic, and emotion).

Answer 22

Agentic, communal

Question 23

What is the stereotype content model?

Answer 23

The model that proposes that stereotypes develop on the basis of how groups relate to each other on two dimensions:

1) Low or high status in society
2) Is the group helpful or harmful compared to other groups

Question 24

Illusory Correlation

Answer 24

A tendency to assume an association between two rare occurrences, such as being in a minority group and performing negative actions.

Question 25

Why do we apply stereotypes?

Answer 25

1) Stereotypes are cognitive tools for simplifying everyday life.
2) Stereotypes Justify Prejudice
3) Stereotypes help justify violence and discrimination against outgroups
4) Stereotypes Justify the Status Quo
5) Stereotypes are self-esteem boosters

Question 26

Justification Suppression Model

Answer 26

The idea that people endorse and freely express stereotypes in part to justify their own negative affective reactions to outgroup members (like stereotyping Mexicans as aggressive, therefore giving you an excuse to act frightened around them).

Question 27

Dehumanization

Answer 27

Tendency to view outgroup members as somehow less than human - usually they refer or portray them as animals.

Question 28

Infraumanization

Answer 28

The perception that outgroup members lack qualities viewed as unique to human beings, such as language, rational intelligence, and complex social emotions.

Question 29

Sexual objectification

Answer 29

The tendency to think about women in a narrow way as objects rather than full humans, as if their physical appearance is all that matters.

Question 30

Objectification theory

Answer 30

Theory proposing that the cultural value placed on women’s appearance leads people to view women more as objects and less as full human beings.

Question 31

Ambivalent sexism

Answer 31

The pairing of hostile beliefs about women with benevolent but patronizing beliefs about them.

Question 32

We go through a process of first ______ a person belonging to a group, then ______ stereotypes associated with that group, and then _______ the stereotypes in forming judgments of that person.

Answer 32

Categorizing, activating, applying

Question 33

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 33

The tendency to view individuals in outgroups as more similar to each other than they really are.

Question 34

The shooter bias

Answer 34

The tendency to mistakenly see objects in the hands of Black men as guns.

Question 35

Can stereotypes influence the interpretation of ambiguous behavior? True or False?

Answer 35

True.

Question 36

Ultimate attribution error

Answer 36

The tendency to believe that bad actions by outgroup members occur because of their internal dispositions and good action by them occur because of their situation, while believing the reverse for ingroup members.

Question 37

When people talk about positive behaviors performed by their ingroup, they tend to use more _______, whereas when they talk about positive behaviors performed by outgroup members, they tend to use more______.

Answer 37

Abstract descriptions, concrete descriptions

Question 38

Linguistic intergroup bias

Answer 38

A tendency to describe stereotypic behaviors (positive ingroup and negative outgroup) in abstract terms while describing counterstereotypic behaviors (negative ingroup and positive outgroup) in concrete terms.

Question 39

How we view others is based off of two forms of evaluation, they are?

Within that there are four categories that stereotypes fit into. What are they and expound. (page 373)

Answer 39

Warmth and competence

Pity: High warmth low competence: Brings pity and sympathy
Disgust: Low warmth and competence: Bring disgust and scorn
Pride: High warmth and competence: Bring pride and admiration
Envy: Low warmth and high competence: Brings envy and jealously.