Chapter 11

Question 1

Bolstering self-esteem ______ prejudice.

Answer 1

decreases.

Question 2

What are 4 principles that are necessary for positive intergroup contact?

Answer 2

1) Equal status 2) Contact between groups is intimate and varied - being acquainted 3) There is a superordinate goal, that is, a goal that is beyond the ability of any one group to achieve on its own. 4) Institutional support - contact is approved by authority.

Question 3

Which part of the brain goes off to that associated a group with “bad.”

Answer 3

Amygdala

Question 4

What is optimal distinctiveness?

Answer 4

Groups that are large enough to foster a sense of commonality, while small enough to allow us to feel distinct from others.

Question 5

Those people who had difficulties in forming secure attachments with their parents in childhood are ___________ to express prejudice and hold stereotypes.

Answer 5

More likely

Question 6

What is oppositional culture?

Answer 6

Creating a group identity that opposes the majority group and its characteristic behaviors, ideas, and practices.

Question 7

Authoritarian Personality

Answer 7

A complex of personality traits, including uncritical acceptance of authority, preference for well-defined power arrangements in society, adherence to conventional values and moral codes, and black and white thinking. Predicts prejudice toward outgroups in general.

Question 8

Why do people deny that prejudice and discrimination affect their lives?

Answer 8

In order to be optimistic that can help their psychological health. Also, to sustain their faith in that the way society is set up is inherently right and good.

Question 9

Stereotype Threat

Answer 9

The concern that one might do something to confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group either in one’s own eyes or the eyes of someone else.

Question 10

Self-objectification

Answer 10

A phenomenon whereby intense cultural scrutiny of the female body leads many girls and women to view themselves as objects to be looked at and judged. This causes negative behaviors, such as body shame, appearance anxiety and self-disgust.

Question 11

Right-wing Authoritarianism (RWA)

Answer 11

An ideology which holds that the social world is inherently dangerous and unpredictable and that maintaining security in life requires upholding society’s order, cohesion, and tradition. Predicts prejudice against groups seen as socially deviant or dangerous.

Question 12

Which part of the brain inhibits stereotypes?

Answer 12

The dorosolateral prefrontal cortex.

Question 13

Need for structured knowledge

Answer 13

A personality trait defined as a general preference for thinking about things in simple, clear-cut ways. They are more prejudice than people who tolerant ambiguity.

Question 14

Dual process view of prejudice

Answer 14

Process 1 - stereotypes are brought to mind quickly and automatically. (experiential process) Process 2 - People employ reflective or cognitive processes to regulate or control the degree to which those thoughts affect their behavior.

Question 15

Is perceiving prejudice bad for your health? Why?

Answer 15

Yes. It can cause psychological problems (like depression or low self-esteem) as well as physical problems (higher levels of cortisol and putting people at risk for coronary heart disease).

Question 16

Colorblind Ideology

Answer 16

The idea that group identities should be ignored and that people should be judged solely on their individual merits, thereby avoiding any judgment based on group membership.

Question 17

What method can we use to reduce implicit and explicit stereotype attitudes towards someone?

Answer 17

Taking a perspective on their life. Putting ourselves in their shoes.

Question 18

Attributional ambiguity

Answer 18

A phenomenon whereby members of stigmatized groups often can be uncertain whether negative experiences are based on their own actions and abilities or are the result of prejudice.

Question 19

Person-group discrimination discrepancy

Answer 19

The tendency for people to estimate that they personally experience less discrimination than is faced by the average member of their group.

Question 20

How can minorities compensate for prejudice?

Answer 20

By being friendlier and more open to others. They will seem more likeable and less threatening to the outgroup that way. However, this comes at a cost - usually feeling superficial or exerting oneself too much just to win the friendship/relationship of another group.

Question 21

Social identity threat

Answer 21

The feeling that your group simply is not valued in a domain and that you do not belong there.

Question 22

Common ingroup identity

Answer 22

A recategorizing of members of two or more distinct groups into a single, overarching group.

Question 23

___________ dislike groups that deviate from the traditional norm, whereas _________ dislike disadvantaged groups like handicap and unattractive people.

Answer 23

RWA, SDO (pg. 408)

Question 24

Multicultural ideology

Answer 24

A worldview in which different cultural identities and viewpoints are acknowledged and appreciated.

Question 25

Stereotype lift

Answer 25

Some people get a boost in performance from reminders that they are positively stereotyped. People can also choke up when trying to live up to a high expectation.

Question 26

What is devaluing?

Answer 26

It is where we don’t really care about a certain area of life where we face pervasive experiences of prejudice and discrimination.

Question 27

Stigma consciousness

Answer 27

The expectation of being perceived by other people, particularly those in a majority group, in terms of one’s group membership.

Question 28

Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)

Answer 28

An ideology in which the world is viewed as a ruthlessly competitive jungle where it is appropriate and right for powerful groups to dominate weaker ones.

Question 29

When is stereotype performance more likely to impair performance?

Answer 29

The stigmatized identity is made salient in the situation. That identity is chronically salient The task is characterized as diagnostic measure of an ability that the group is stereotyped as being inferior. Individuals believe they are going to be compared with members of a superior group Individuals are explicitly reminded of the stereotype.

Question 30

Disidentification

Answer 30

The process of disinvesting in any area in which one’s group traditionally has been underrepresented or negatively stereotyped. You stop caring what people think.

Question 31

Master Status

Answer 31

The perception that a person will be seen only in terms of a stigmatizing attribute rather than as the total self.

Question 32

Rejection Identification theory

Answer 32

The idea that people can offset the negative consequences of being targeted by discrimination by feeling a strong sense of identification with their stigmatized group.

Question 33

Target empowerment model

Answer 33

A model suggesting that targets of bias can employ strategies that deflect discrimination, as long as those methods aren’t perceived as confrontational. You can do this by getting the majority member to first reflect on their own values and then relate them to yours.

Question 34

Self-affirmation

Answer 34

People need to view themselves as good and competent. When they are threatened, they compensate by affirming other deeply held values.

Question 35

When people are motivated to get along with someone who is likely to hold stereotypes of them, they tend to experience a shift in their ___________ and behave accordingly.

Answer 35

perceptions of themselves. (pg. 394)