Chapter 11 Flashcards
Bolstering self-esteem ______ prejudice.
decreases.
What are 4 principles that are necessary for positive intergroup contact?
1) Equal status 2) Contact between groups is intimate and varied - being acquainted 3) There is a superordinate goal, that is, a goal that is beyond the ability of any one group to achieve on its own. 4) Institutional support - contact is approved by authority.
Which part of the brain goes off to that associated a group with “bad.”
Amygdala
What is optimal distinctiveness?
Groups that are large enough to foster a sense of commonality, while small enough to allow us to feel distinct from others.
Those people who had difficulties in forming secure attachments with their parents in childhood are ___________ to express prejudice and hold stereotypes.
More likely
What is oppositional culture?
Creating a group identity that opposes the majority group and its characteristic behaviors, ideas, and practices.
Authoritarian Personality
A complex of personality traits, including uncritical acceptance of authority, preference for well-defined power arrangements in society, adherence to conventional values and moral codes, and black and white thinking. Predicts prejudice toward outgroups in general.
Why do people deny that prejudice and discrimination affect their lives?
In order to be optimistic that can help their psychological health. Also, to sustain their faith in that the way society is set up is inherently right and good.
Stereotype Threat
The concern that one might do something to confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group either in one’s own eyes or the eyes of someone else.
Self-objectification
A phenomenon whereby intense cultural scrutiny of the female body leads many girls and women to view themselves as objects to be looked at and judged. This causes negative behaviors, such as body shame, appearance anxiety and self-disgust.
Right-wing Authoritarianism (RWA)
An ideology which holds that the social world is inherently dangerous and unpredictable and that maintaining security in life requires upholding society’s order, cohesion, and tradition. Predicts prejudice against groups seen as socially deviant or dangerous.
Which part of the brain inhibits stereotypes?
The dorosolateral prefrontal cortex.
Need for structured knowledge
A personality trait defined as a general preference for thinking about things in simple, clear-cut ways. They are more prejudice than people who tolerant ambiguity.
Dual process view of prejudice
Process 1 - stereotypes are brought to mind quickly and automatically. (experiential process) Process 2 - People employ reflective or cognitive processes to regulate or control the degree to which those thoughts affect their behavior.
Is perceiving prejudice bad for your health? Why?
Yes. It can cause psychological problems (like depression or low self-esteem) as well as physical problems (higher levels of cortisol and putting people at risk for coronary heart disease).
Colorblind Ideology
The idea that group identities should be ignored and that people should be judged solely on their individual merits, thereby avoiding any judgment based on group membership.
What method can we use to reduce implicit and explicit stereotype attitudes towards someone?
Taking a perspective on their life. Putting ourselves in their shoes.
Attributional ambiguity
A phenomenon whereby members of stigmatized groups often can be uncertain whether negative experiences are based on their own actions and abilities or are the result of prejudice.
Person-group discrimination discrepancy
The tendency for people to estimate that they personally experience less discrimination than is faced by the average member of their group.
How can minorities compensate for prejudice?
By being friendlier and more open to others. They will seem more likeable and less threatening to the outgroup that way. However, this comes at a cost - usually feeling superficial or exerting oneself too much just to win the friendship/relationship of another group.
Social identity threat
The feeling that your group simply is not valued in a domain and that you do not belong there.
Common ingroup identity
A recategorizing of members of two or more distinct groups into a single, overarching group.
___________ dislike groups that deviate from the traditional norm, whereas _________ dislike disadvantaged groups like handicap and unattractive people.
RWA, SDO (pg. 408)
Multicultural ideology
A worldview in which different cultural identities and viewpoints are acknowledged and appreciated.
Stereotype lift
Some people get a boost in performance from reminders that they are positively stereotyped. People can also choke up when trying to live up to a high expectation.
What is devaluing?
It is where we don’t really care about a certain area of life where we face pervasive experiences of prejudice and discrimination.
Stigma consciousness
The expectation of being perceived by other people, particularly those in a majority group, in terms of one’s group membership.
Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)
An ideology in which the world is viewed as a ruthlessly competitive jungle where it is appropriate and right for powerful groups to dominate weaker ones.
When is stereotype performance more likely to impair performance?
The stigmatized identity is made salient in the situation. That identity is chronically salient The task is characterized as diagnostic measure of an ability that the group is stereotyped as being inferior. Individuals believe they are going to be compared with members of a superior group Individuals are explicitly reminded of the stereotype.
Disidentification
The process of disinvesting in any area in which one’s group traditionally has been underrepresented or negatively stereotyped. You stop caring what people think.
Master Status
The perception that a person will be seen only in terms of a stigmatizing attribute rather than as the total self.
Rejection Identification theory
The idea that people can offset the negative consequences of being targeted by discrimination by feeling a strong sense of identification with their stigmatized group.
Target empowerment model
A model suggesting that targets of bias can employ strategies that deflect discrimination, as long as those methods aren’t perceived as confrontational. You can do this by getting the majority member to first reflect on their own values and then relate them to yours.
Self-affirmation
People need to view themselves as good and competent. When they are threatened, they compensate by affirming other deeply held values.
When people are motivated to get along with someone who is likely to hold stereotypes of them, they tend to experience a shift in their ___________ and behave accordingly.
perceptions of themselves. (pg. 394)
