Chapter 14 Flashcards
We ___ to be part of a stable, healthy bonds with family members, romantic partners, and friends in order to function normally.
need
Psychological need
A mechanism for regulating behavior to acquire the tangible pr intangible resources necessarily for survival and well-being.
Need to belong is satiable: What kind of friendships does one need?
Just a few that are lasting and caring, and whey they have them they are less motivated to form additional relationships.
How many close relationships does one have?
Face-to-face interactions might take place with only about six people.
The need to belong is satisfied in what way? Expound
Flexible ways.
When people are unable to satisfy their need to belong in existing relationships they turn to other relationships.
Expound on When the Need to Belong Is Satisfied, People Thrive
Feeling connected to others promotes an individuals mental and physical health. Have higher self-esteem, feel happier, more satisfied with life, better mental health, increased physical health.
Need to belong is unmet brings what?
Decrease in physical and mental health
Loneliness
Feeling that one is deprived of human social interaction
People claim to feel more fulfilled in an ____ relationship than they do when in no relationship at all
unhappy
Loneliness can lead to what?
Alcohol, drugs, depression, eating disorders, schizophrenia, weaker immune system, smoking, obesity.
4 pieces of evidence that the need to have intimate bonds with others has an evolutionary basis.
- The motive to belong is universal
- Innate affiliation behaviors
- Rejection hurts- literally
- Reproduction success
Rejection sensitivity
A dispositional tendency to have an especially strong fear of being rejected or evaluated negatively by others.
Propinquity effect
Increase likelihood of forming relationships with people who are physically close
Caveat to Propinquity effect
Can form close relationships over internet but face-to-face it more important for mental health and life satisfaction
Reward model of liking
Proposing that people like other people whom they associate with positive stimuli and dislike people whom they associate with negative stimuli.
Attributes of others that increase our attraction to them
Transference
Culturally Valued Attributes
Personality Traits
Transference
A tendency to map on, or transfer, feelings for a person who is known onto someone new who resembles that person in some way.
Culturally valued attributes
Drawn to characteristics in others that our culture deems valuable
Personality traits that are preferred
Friendliness, Honesty, warmth, kindness, intelligence, sense of humor, emotional stability, reliability, ambition, openness, extraversion
Which ones are most important will depend on the type of relationship.
This might be because our culture tells us these are most important
Attraction to those who fulfill needs
Similarity in attitudes Perceived verses actual similarity Similarity in Perception If you like me, Ill like you Flattery
Similarity in attitudes
Bolsters our worldview and self-esteem
Perceived similarity can increase attraction and Attraction can increase perceived similarity
Perceived verse actual similiarty
Important is perceived similarity for attraction and relationship
Similarity in perceptions: What is the “I”?
Subjective point of view of the world
We “i-share” with others when we believe that our subjective experiences of the world are the same
If you like me, I’ll like you!
A key factor to falling in love or forming a friendship was finding out the other person liked you.
Even a stronger factor to attraction toward someone than attitude is
Reason for this: increases self-esteem and anticipation for reward
Flattery
We like those that compliment us. Sometimes seeing an ulterior motive can ruin that.
Gain-loss theory
A theory of attraction that posits that liking is highest for others when they increase their positively toward you over time.
Compliments more powerful from those we don’t know. Criticism more powerful from those we do know.
Is physical attraction important for getting relationships started?
Yes. For this initial spark. However, attractiveness matters less for sustaining our interest over time.
Why is physical attraction important?
Sexual appeal, more pleasant to look at, first thing we notice/know about someone as it takes no time, can BIRG.
Physical attractiveness stereotype/ Halo effect
A tendency to assume that people with one positive attribute (physically attractive) also have other positive traits.
Common denominators of attractive faces
What is found as attractI’ve varies within and across culture
But people generally agree about who is and isn’t attractive
The average effect
Symmetry
Averageness effect
THe tendency to perceive a composite image of multiple faced that have been photographically averaged as more attractive than any individuals face inclued in that composite
What do men find as attractive?
Signs of fertility:
Someone younger, baby face features/maturity featured. Wait to hit ratio- 0.7.
What do women find as attractive?
Sings of masculinity and power. Same age or older. Hip to waist ratio of 0.9. Height preference for taller.
Women’s preference influency by menstrual cycle
Few days after ovulation: more masculine featured
Ovulatory phase: deeper voices, assertive, confident, doninant
Do men prefer beauty? Do women prefer status?
Some evidence says yes. Other research suggest maybe not.
Attractiveness with status and access to scarce resources
Attributes associated with having high status seen as more attractive. Light skin for darker complexions, darker skin for lighter complexions, when scares resources men want heavier women, when abundance in resources men want thinner women.
Media on attractiveness
Men more common with media but women more likely to be physically attractive and be in revealing clothing
Attraction and living up to unrealistic ideals
Hurt our image of others and ourselves. Media standards become what we see as valued. Leads to objectifying women
Men vs women: Feelings/thoughts about sex
Men say more that they would enjoy casual sex outside context of a committed relationship. Women prefer to be in an emotionally intimate relationship.
Losing virginity: Men cant wait, 1/3 have mixed feelings. Women most are ambivalent, some opposed, 1/3 look forward to it.
Going on a date and regretting not having sex: More men than women regret it
In a relationship: Men want to start having sex sooner than women, want more sex, and more likely to express dissatisfaction with amount of sex they are having.
Men vs women: Sex drives
Men experience sexual desires more often and more intensely, seek out sexual activity more, spend more time fantasizing about sex.
Men spend more money on sex.
Men masturbate more.
Men more likely to be unfaithful to romantic partner.
Men more likely to have multiple partners: polygamy
Parental investment
The time and effort that parents must invest in each child they produce.
Influences what reproduce success means for men and women.
Mating strategies
Approaches to mating that help people reproduce successfully. People prefer different mating strategies depending on whether they are thinking about a short-term pairing or a log-term pairing.
Cultural Influences: Reasons for having sex
Enhance physical or emotional pleasure, to foster intimacy, to affirm ones self-worth, to cope with negative emotions, and to gain partner or peer approval.
Cultural Influences: When sex is appropriate
Today most don’t wait for marriage, but still many believe its more acceptable if in a committed, affectionate relationship
Early Research on infidelity
Men more lope;y yo be upset if they caught their partner sleeping around
Women more likely to be upset if they learned their partner had fallen in love with someone else
Mate guarding
The process of preventing others from mating with ones partner in order to avoid the cost of rearing offspring that do not help to propagate ones genes
Modern Research on infidelity
When asking about kinds of infidelity independent of each other instead of having people choose, differences between sex disappear.
Research on infidelity
Controversial
