Chapter 4

Question 1

Short-term memory

Answer 1

Information and input that is currently activated.

Question 2

Long-term memory

Answer 2

Information from past experience that may or may not be currently activated.

Question 3

Misinformation effect

Answer 3

The process by which cues that are given after an event can plant false information into memory.

Question 4

Availability heuristic

Answer 4

the tendency to assume that information that comes easily to mind (or is readily available) is more frequent or common.

Question 5

Ease of retrieval effect

Answer 5

Process whereby people judge how frequently an event occurs on the basis of how easily they can retrieve examples of that event.

Question 6

Locus of causality

Answer 6

Attribution of behavior to either an aspect of the actor (internal) or to some aspect of the situation (external)

Question 7

Correspondent inference

Answer 7

The tendency to attribute to the actor an attitude, desire, or trait that corresponds to the action.

Question 8

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 8

MY FAVORITE!!!

The tendency to attribute behavior to internal or dispositional qualities of the actor and consequently underestimate the causal role of situational factors.

Question 9

Actor-observer effect

Answer 9

the tendency to make internal attributions for the behavior of others and external attributions for our own behavior.

Question 10

Covariation Principle

Answer 10

The tendency to see a causal relationship between an event and an outcome when they happen at the same time.

Question 11

Discounting principle

Answer 11

The tendency to reduce the importance of any potential cause of another’s behavior to the extent that other potential causes exist.

Question 12

Magical thinking

Answer 12

The tendency to believe that simply having thoughts about an event before it occurs can influence that event.

Question 13

Fusiform Face area

Answer 13

A region in the temporal lobe of the brain that helps us recognize the people we know.

Question 14

Prosopagnosia

Answer 14

The inability to recognize familiar faces.

Question 15

Theory of mind

Answer 15

A set of ideas about other people’s thoughts, desires, feelings, and intentions based on what we know about them and the situations they are in.

Question 16

Mirror neurons

Answer 16

Certain neurons that are activated both when one performs an action oneself and when one simply observes another person perform that action.

Question 17

Transference

Answer 17

A process whereby we activate schemas of a person we know and use the schemas to form an impression of someone new.

Question 18

False consensus

Answer 18

A general tendency to assume that other people share our own attitudes, opinions, and preferences.

Question 19

Halo Effect

Answer 19

the tendency of social perceivers’ assessments of an individual on a given trait to be biased by the perceivers’ more general impression of the individual.

Question 20

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 20

The tendency to overestimate the likelihood that a target is part of a larger category if it has features that seem representative of that category.

Question 21

Primacy effect

Answer 21

The idea that what we learn early colors how we judge subsequent information.

Question 22

Upward counterfactual

Answer 22

Imagined alternative where the outcome is better than what actually happened.

Question 23

Downward counterfactual

Answer 23

Imagined worse alternative outcomes to something that actually happened.