Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
Sensation is the process of detecting stimuli, while perception is the process of organizing and interpreting that information.
What are the two processes of attention in perception?
Focusing on certain stimuli and filtering out other information.
What is divided attention?
The ability to pay attention to more than one stimulus or task at the same time, e.g., talking on a cell phone while driving.
What is selective attention?
Focusing on one stimulus while ignoring others.
What is inattentional blindness?
Failing to notice stimuli directly in front of us due to strong attention effects.
What are Gestalt principles of perceptual organization?
Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, and Closure.
What is figure-ground perception?
The ability to distinguish objects from their background.
What is perceptual constancy?
The ability to see objects as having a constant color, size, and shape despite changes in perspective.
What are the types of perceptual constancies?
Color constancy, brightness constancy, shape constancy, and size constancy.
What is the role of light in vision?
Light waves are processed by the visual system to create perceptions of color and brightness.
What are the photoreceptors in the retina?
Rods (low light vision) and cones (color and detail vision).
What is the optic nerve?
The bundle of ganglion cell axons that transmits visual information to the brain.
What are the two major theories of color vision?
Trichromatic theory (three types of cones for blue, green, red) and Opponent-process theory (opposing color pairs: red-green, blue-yellow, black-white).
What are the two neural pathways for visual processing?
The ventral stream (what pathway) and the dorsal stream (where pathway).
What are the characteristics of sound waves?
Frequency (pitch) and amplitude (loudness).
What are the two types of hearing loss?
Conduction hearing loss (problem in middle ear) and sensorineural hearing loss (damage to auditory nerve or inner ear structures).
How is sound localized?
Binaural hearing allows localization based on timing and intensity differences between the two ears.
What are the chemical senses?
Taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction).
How does the Atkinson-Shiffrin model describe memory?
It describes memory as a process with three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
What is working memory?
A modification of short-term memory that actively processes and manipulates information.
What are the main types of long-term memory?
Explicit memory (conscious recall) and implicit memory (unconscious skills and habits).
What is sensory adaptation?
The process by which we become less sensitive to constant stimuli over time.
What is top-down processing?
Using prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information.
What is bottom-up processing?
Building a perception from sensory input without prior knowledge.
