Chapter 5 Flashcards
what are the most important large molecules found in all living things?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
what are carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids referred to as?
macromolecules
how are macromolecules formed?
joining of several similar organic molecules called monomers to form polymer
monomers form larger molecules via?
dehydration synthesis: removes water: requires energy and enzymes
how do polymers disassemble?
via hydrolysis: adding water: requires enzymes but energy is released
what is the monomer of carbohydrates?
monosaccharide/simple sugar
carbohydrates purpose? what do carbs include?
serve as fuel for the body and building material
carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of sugars
3 types of carbohydrates are?
monosaccharides/simple sugars, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
what are monosaccharides?
simple sugar, can be used for fuel, can be combined into polymers, made up of c, h, o
GENERAL FORMULA: CH2O
what functional groups do monosaccharides have?
1 carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups
aldosugar vs ketosugar?
aldosugars have a terminal carbonyl group and ketosugars have an internal carbonyl group
what is the most common monosaccharide?
glucose: C6H12O6
it is a hexose/aldohexose
what are disaccharides?
consist of two monosaccharides and form when two monosaccharides link together via dehydration synthesis
what is a glycosidic bond?
the covalent bond between the two sugar molecules is called a glycosidic bond
what are polysaccharides?
polymers of sugars. involved in storage or structural function in cells
what are the two storage polysaccharides?
starch and glycogen
what is starch?
polymer consisting of only glucose monomers
- major storage form of glucose in plants
- amylose is the unbranched one and amylopectin is the branched one
what is glycogen?
polymer of glucose and is the major storage form of glucose in animals.
- stored mainly in muscle cells and the liver
what are the structural polysaccharides?
cellulose and chitin
what is cellulose?
polymer of glucose and is a major component of the tough cell walls.
- humans cant digest it but cows have microbes in their stomach to help with the process
why do we eat cellulose if we cant digest it?
fiber: prevents constipation and stimulates mucous production
what is chitin?
found in exoskeleton of arthropods and found in cell wall of fungi
