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Biol1210 > cell cycle > Flashcards

cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

bywhat is the cell theory?

A

the cell theory is made up of 3 principles:
1. every living organism is made up of one or more cells
2. the smallest living organisms are single cells and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms
3. all cells arise from preexisting cells

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2
Q

which part of the cell theory is this lecture based on?

A

all cells arise from preexisting cells

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3
Q

how are new cells made?

A

by the process of cell division

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4
Q

cell division is an integral?

A

cell division is an integral part of the cell cycle

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5
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

the cell cycle refers to the life of a cell from when it is formed until it divides to produce two daughter cells.

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6
Q

what is a crucial function of cell division?

A

a crucial function of cell division is to pass on identical genetic material to the new daughter cells.

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7
Q

3 other functions of cell division?

A
  • reproduction
  • growth and development
  • tissue renewal
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8
Q

what is the genetic material?

A

DNA: found in the nucleus. it is double stranded, helical, linear, and held together by hydrogen bonds.
- each linear molecule is called a chromosome.

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9
Q

what is a genome?

A

the genome refers to all of the genetic information within a cell

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10
Q

each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cells nucleus. how many chromosomes are in the nucleus of a human somatic cell?

A

in each human somatic cell, there are 46 chromosome

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11
Q

how many sets of chromosomes?

A

2 sets of 23 chromosomes!
- one set comes from the mother and one set will come from the father

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12
Q

what is a diploid cell?

A

a diploid cell is one that has 2 sets. a human somatic cell is diploid

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13
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

a visual ordered display of the chromosomes present in a somatic cell

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14
Q

what are karyotypes used for?

A

to screen for defective chromosomes and to screen for abnormal numbers of chromosomes

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15
Q

how does all of the dna fit into the nucleus?

A

the dna is wrapped around histone proteins. the dna wrapped around histone proteins is known as chromatin

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16
Q

before a cell divides into 2…?

A

it has to duplicate its chromosomes to ensure the new cell receives all of the genetic information

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17
Q

prior to cell division, each cell has?

A

one copy of each chromosome: 46

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18
Q

prior to cell division, all 46 chromosomes?

A

produce an identical copy of itself.

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19
Q

after duplication, each chromosome is in the form of?

A

two sister chromatids but are still counted as one chromosome

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20
Q

what keeps the two sister chromatids attached?

A

protein complexes called cohesins keep the two sister chromatids attached along their length.

21
Q

whats a centromere?

A

the region where they are most closely associated is the centromere

22
Q

the cell cycle can be divided into 4 phases which are?

A

g1 phase: first gap
s phase: dna synthesis
g2 phase: second gap
m phase: mitotic: mitosis/cytokinesis

23
Q

what is mitosis?

A

division of genetic material

24
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

division of the cytoplasm

25
Q

how many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell in g2?

A

46 chromosomes

26
Q

how long does each phase last?

A

g1: 5-6 hours
s: 10 hours
g2: 4-6 hours
m: 1 hour

27
Q

before mitosis and cytokinesis occur, the cell has to?

A

grow larger, make proteins, organelles, etc. this is done in what phase? interphase

28
Q

what phases are included in interphase?

A

g1, s, g2

29
Q

what happens in the g2 phase?

A
  • nuclear envelope present
  • one or more nucleoli present
  • chromosomes have duplicated but are not condensed
  • centrosomes are duplicated
30
Q

what is a centrosome?

A

a structure present in the cytoplasm near the nucleus that contains centrioles.
- functions to organize the cells microtubules during the cell cycle.
- aka microtubule-organizing center

31
Q

what is a microtubule?

A

hollow rod made of the protein tubulin.
- found in the cytoskeleton
- responsible for moving chromosomes from one end of the cell to the other

32
Q

in the centrosome of an animal cell, there are?

A

a pair of centrioles that are made up of microtubules

33
Q

The M phase can be divided into 5 stages which are?

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
34
Q

what happens in prophase?

A
  • chromosomes become condensed and are visible under microscope
  • nucleoli disappear
  • centrosomes move away from eachother
  • spindle microtubules grow out of the centrosomes forming the mitotic spindle
35
Q

what is the mitotic spindle?

A

made up of centrosomes and the microtubules that extend from them

36
Q

what happens in prometaphase?

A
  • nuclear envelope disintegrates
  • chromosomes becomem even more condensed
  • each of the two sister chromatids now has a kinetochore
37
Q

what is a kinetochore?

A

assembly of proteins that associate with the dna at the centromere

38
Q

kinetochore microtubules?

A

the microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids

39
Q

what happens in metaphase?

A
  • centrosomes are at opposite ends of the cells
  • centromeres line up on the metaphase plate
  • all kinetochores have a kinetochore microtubule attached
  • longest stage of mitosis
40
Q

what is the metaphase plate?

A

imaginary plane that is the same distance away between the spindle’s poles

41
Q

what happens in anaphase?

A
  • cohesins are cleaved which results in the two sister chromatids parting
  • each separated chromatid is now an individual chromosome
  • the chromatids are moved centromere first to the opposite ends of the cell by the kinetochore microtubules
  • the cell elongates
42
Q

how many chromosomes in a human cell following anaphase?

A

92 because the chromosomes have parted

43
Q

what happens in telophase?

A
  • two nuclei begin to form
  • the nuclear envelope starts to reform, nucleoli reappear
  • the chromosomes become less condensed
  • spindle microtubules disassemble
    MITOSIS IS NOW COMPLETE
44
Q

what happens in cytokinesis?

A
  • has been underway since during late telophase.
  • in animal cells, a cleavage furrow is formed which pinches the cell in two
  • in plant cells, a cleavage furrow is not formed. during telophase, vesicles containing cell wall material move from golgi along the microtubules to the middle of the cell. the vesicles then fuse together to form a cell plate.
45
Q

how many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell in g1?

A

46

46
Q

what is the overall purpose of mitosis?

A

to produce new daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.

47
Q

what organisms does mitosis occur in?

A

eukaryotic organisms

48
Q

how many cells are produced at the end of a single mitotic division?

A

2

49
Q

how many different kinds of cells are produced at the end of a single mitotic division?

A

theyre the same not different

Biol1210 (22 decks)

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