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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 42 > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the urinary system?

A
  • blood plasma balancer

- adjusts ions, water, and pH

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2
Q

What are the accessory organs of the urinary system?

A
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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3
Q

Where are the kidneys?

A
  • retroperitoneal
  • T12-L3
  • liver pushes the right kidney lower
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4
Q

What is the perirenal fat pad?

A

-fat surrounding the kidney

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5
Q

What is the hilum?

A

-where the veins, arteries, nerves, and ureters enter and leave the kidney

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6
Q

What is the fibrous capsule?

A

-dense CT that surrounds the kidney

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7
Q

What is the internal anatomy of the kidney?

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal papilla
  • minor and major calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • nephrons
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8
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

-knot of fenestrated capillaries for increased porosity for filtration

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9
Q

What is the blood supply of the kidney? (trace is from aorta to IVC)

A
  • aorta->thoracic aorta->abdominal aorta
  • renal artery->segmental arteries->interlobar arteries
  • arcuate arteries->interlobular arteries->afferent arteriole
  • glomerular capillaries->efferent arterioles->peritubular capillaries
  • interlobular veins->arcuate veins->interlobar veins
  • renal vein->inferior vena cava
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10
Q

What makes up the nephron?

A
  • renal corpuscle: glomerulus and Bowmans capsule

- renal tubule: proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct

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11
Q

What is the Bowman capsule?

A

-cup shaped mouth of the nephron

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12
Q

What is the function of the Bowman capsule?

A
  • two epithelial layers with a space in between where fluid, waste, and electrolytes pass through
  • filtrate
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13
Q

What are podocytes? Function?

A
  • cells in the glomerular capsule

- filtration slits

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14
Q

What are pedicels?

A
  • the feet of the podocytes that wrap around the capillaries
  • this forms the filtration slits
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15
Q

Why is it important to know that the ascending loop is thick? What is best transported here?

A

-

-sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, magnesium

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16
Q

What are the different routes of reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

A
  • paracellular reabsorption: in between the cells

- transcellular reabsorption: through the cells

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17
Q

How does reabsorption in the proximal tubule of negative ions and urea occur?

A

-since sodium is reabsorbed and positive, it pulls the negative ions out

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18
Q

How does reabsorption in the proximal tubule of water occur?

A

-water gets reabsorbed because of the high osmotic pressure

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19
Q

Which hormones regulate reabsorption and secretion of the tubular?

A
  • antidiuretic
  • RAAS
  • atrial natriuretic
  • parathyroid
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20
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone do? What stimulates its secretion? What secretes is?

A

-posterior pituitary

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21
Q

What it the renal tubule? Function?

A
  • the winding, hollow tube of the nephron (everything except the renal corpuscle)
  • allows for reabsorption and secretion
  • detects changes in the composition and flow of filtrate
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22
Q

What does angiotensin II do? What does it stimulate?

A
  • vasoconstriction which decreases GFR

- aldosterone

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23
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • afferent arteriole that gets really close to the distal tubule
  • right off the renal corpuscle
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24
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells? Function?

A

-cells in the wall of the arteriole that secrete renin

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25
Q

What is the macula densa? Function?

A
  • tightly packed cells in the distal tubule

- measure sodium chloride levels in filtrate

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26
Q

What is the collecting duct? Function?

A
  • where the distal tubule drains into
  • converges with several other ducts and tubules which then extends into the medulla
  • releases urine into a minor calyx
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27
Q

What is the renal papilla?

A

-the point where the collecting ducts from the pyramids release urine into the minor calyces

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28
Q

Where is urine released?

A

-minor calyx

29
Q

What is the blood supply to the nephron?

A
  • afferent arteriole
  • glomerular capillaries
  • efferent arteriole
30
Q

What are peritubular capillaries? Vasa recta?

A
  • capillaries which surround the renal tubule

- vasa recta are the capillaries that follow the loop of Henle

31
Q

What are cortical nephrons?

A

-85% of nephrons that remain in the cortex

32
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

-15% of nephrons that extend down into the medulla

33
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A
  • maintain fluid-electrolytes balance

- secretion of hormones

34
Q

What hormones are secreted by the kidney?

A
  • erythropoietin
  • aldosterone
  • vitamin D
35
Q

What hormones influence the action of the kidney?

A
  • RAAS
  • aldosterone
  • ADH
  • ANH
36
Q

What are the three basic processes of the production of urine?

A
  • filtration (glomerulus)
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
37
Q

What is glomerular filtration? Where does it occur?

A
  • movement of water and solutes from glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule and into the renal tubule
  • glomerulus
  • fenestrations allow faster filtration
38
Q

What makes up the filtration membrane?

A
  • podocytes

- capillary (glomerular) endothelial cells

39
Q

What three layers does the filtrate cross to get into the Bowman capsule? Function

A
  • glomerular endothelial cells: fenestrated capillaries
  • basal lamina: prevents filtration of large plasma proteins
  • filtration slits of podocytes: allow most small molecules to pass
40
Q

What is effective filtration pressure?

A

-the net driving force which pushes fluid into Bowman’s capsule

41
Q

What is glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure? What does it do?

A
  • blood pressure in glomerular capillaries

- promotes filtration

42
Q

What is capsular hydrostatic pressure? What does it do?

A
  • pressure exerted by fluid already in capsular space

- opposes filtration

43
Q

What is blood colloid osmotic pressure? What does it do?

A
  • pressure exerted by presence/concentration of blood proteins
  • opposes filtration
44
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate? (GFR)

A
  • the rate of movement of fluid out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space
  • filtration per minute
45
Q

What happens if the GFR is too high or too low?

A
  • too high: substances pass too quickly without being reabsorbed
  • too low: everything is reabsorbed and wastes are not excreted
46
Q

How does the GFR relate to effective filtration pressure?

A

-the higher the GFR, the higher the EFP

47
Q

How is the GFR changed?

A
  • adjustment to blood flow via vasodilation or vasoconstriction
  • alteration of glomerular capillary surface area also via vasodilation or vasoconstriction
48
Q

How is the GFR regulated?

A
  • myogenic mechanisms

- tubuloglomerular feedback

49
Q

What is the myogenic mechanism?

A
  • high BP: stretching of vessel walls that triggers vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles; decreases blood flow
  • low BP: vessel walls relax causing dilation of afferent arterioles; increases blood flow
50
Q

What is the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?

A
  • the macula densa cells sense increased delivery of ions and water
  • they inhibit nitric oxide which causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
  • this is slower than myogenic mechanism
51
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

-occurs along the renal tubule (mostly the proximal tubule) where active and passive transport allow materials to go back into the blood

52
Q

What is the difference between reabsorption and absorption? Where does it mostly occur?

A
  • reabsorption happens after water and ions are filtered out of your blood and then into the kidneys
  • they get reabsorbed back into your blood in the renal tubule
  • mainly in proximal tubule
53
Q

What molecules in the urinary tract use sodium cotransport?

A
  • glucose

- amino acids

54
Q

What are antiporters?

A

-they allow one thing in and one thing out at the same time

55
Q

Which ions use antiporters? Which ion comes into the cell and which goes out? How can this be used to regulate blood pH?

A
  • sodium and hydrogen
  • sodium go into the cells and into blood
  • hydrogen goes out of cells and into tubule
56
Q

How would urine volume change with each hormone?

A
  • absence of ADH = dilute urine
  • presence of ADH = concentrated urine
  • absence of ANH = more concentrated urine
  • presence of ANH = more dilute urine
57
Q

What is micturition?

A
  • urination
  • involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle
  • control from external urethral sphincter
58
Q

Which ions use antiporters? Which ion comes into the cell and which goes out?

A
  • sodium and hydrogen
  • sodium go into the cells and into blood
  • hydrogen goes out of cells and into tubule
59
Q

Why is it important to know the descending loop is thin? What is transported best here?

A
  • the descending loop is best for urea and water transport

- it is impermeable to ions

60
Q

Why is it important to know that the ascending loop is thick? What is best transported here?

A
  • it is impermeable to water
  • best for ion transport
  • sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, magnesium
61
Q

What important cation is mostly reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule? What hormone stimulates this?

A
  • calcium

- parathyroid hormone

62
Q

What other ions are reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • 10-15% of water
63
Q

What are principal cells? Where are they found?

A
  • cells that reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium

- found in the collecting duct

64
Q

What are intercalated cells? where are they found?

A
  • cells that reabsorb potassium and bicarbonate and that secrete hydrogen
  • found in the collecting duct
65
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone do? What stimulates its secretion? What secretes is?

A
  • retains water; raises blood pressure
  • plasma osmolarity
  • posterior pituitary
66
Q

What is the difference between antidiuretic function and aldosterone function? Why must they work together?

A
  • antidiuretic: causes the kidneys to take up water
  • aldosterone: causes the kidneys to take up salt
  • they need water and sodium to both go through to raise blood pressure
  • both help with putting water back in blood
67
Q

What is osmolarity? How does it change during the course of the nephron?

A
  • the concentration of water to ions

- the percent decreases as it goes down the nephron; highest in the proximal tubule

68
Q

What is the RAAS?

A
  • juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin
  • this causes angiotensinogen to be converted into angiotensin 1
  • ACE (lungs) converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
  • this causes vasoconstriction which lowers GFR and stimulates the release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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