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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 41 > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

-the food that we eat and the nutrients they contain

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2
Q

What are macronutrients? Examples?

A
  • nutrients that we need in larger amounts
  • carbs, fats, proteins, water
  • sodium, chloride, potassium,calcium
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3
Q

What are micronutrients? Examples?

A
  • nutrients that we need in very small amounts
  • vitamins and minerals
  • iron, zinc, cobalt (trace elements)
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4
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

-required nutrients that the body cannot produce

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5
Q

What are nonessential nutrients?

A

-nutrients that our body produces

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6
Q

What is metabolism?

A

-all chemical reactions in the body

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7
Q

What is catabolism?

A

-breaking down molecules into simpler forms

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8
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A
  • produces energy

- catabolic

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9
Q

What is anabolism?

A

-building complex molecules from simpler ones

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10
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A
  • consumes energy

- anabolic

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11
Q

What is ATP? Function?

A
  • adenosine triphosphate

- energy source for the body

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12
Q

How is energy transferred to ATP?

A
  • oxidation

- reduction

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13
Q

What is oxidation?

A
  • removal of electrons

- decrease in potential energy

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14
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A
  • loss of hydrogen ions

- oxidation

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15
Q

What is reduction?

A
  • addition of electrons

- increases potential energy

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16
Q

What are coenzymes? Examples?

A
  • couple compounds that receive the liberated hydrogens
  • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
  • flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
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17
Q

What is phosphorylation? What is it used for?

A

-addition of a phosphate group

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18
Q

What are the three mechanisms of phosphorylation? Where do they occur?

A
  • substrate level: in cytosol; ex. glycolysis
  • oxidative: in inner mitochondrial membrane; ex. electron transport chain
  • photophosphorylation: in plants and bacteria
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19
Q

What is glucose? What is it used for?

A
  • preferred energy fuel
  • ATP production
  • amino acid synthesis
  • glycogen synthesis
  • triglyceride synthesis
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20
Q

How is glucose catabolized?

A

-moves into the cell via secondary active transport or facilitated diffusion

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21
Q

Where does glycolysis occur? Why is it anaerobic?

A
  • in the cytosol

- does not use oxygen

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22
Q

What is the net energy gain of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 ATP

- 2 NADH + H

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23
Q

What are the two fates of the pyruvic acids?

A
  • anaerobic: converted into 2 lactic acids

- aerobic: formation of acetly-coA

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24
Q

Where does the formation of acetly-coA occur? What compound does it require?

A
  • in the mitochondria matrix

- requires coenzyme A

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25
Q

What is the chemical reaction occurring in the formation of acetly-coA? What is the energy net gain

A
  • pyuvate + coenzyme A -> acetyl-coA
  • happens twice
  • 2 NADH + H
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26
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur? What is the net energy gain?

A
  • in mitochondrial matrix
  • 3 NADH + H
  • 1 FADH2
  • 1 ATP
27
Q

Where does electron transport chain occur? Why is it aerobic?

A
  • within the inner membrane of the mitochondria

- requires oxygen

28
Q

What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain? Proton pumps? ATP synthase?

A
  • oxygen:
  • proton pumps:
  • ATP synthesis:
29
Q

What is the net energy gain from the electron transport chain?

A

-32-34 ATP

30
Q

What is glycogenesis? Where is it stored? What hormone promotes it?

A
  • glucose storage
  • in muscle fibers and liver cells
  • insulin
31
Q

What is glycogenolysis? What hormones promote it?

A
  • glucose release

- glucagon

32
Q

What is gluconeogenesis? What hormones promote it?

A
  • new glucose from fats and proteins

- cortisol

33
Q

How is glucose metabolism controlled? What organs help with this? Hormones and their function?

A
  • pancreas: insulin decreases level; glucagon increases level
  • adrenal medulla: epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis (increases levels)
  • adrenal cortex: cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis (increases levels)
  • thyroid gland: thyroid hormone can raise or lower level
  • anterior pituitary gland: andrenocortiotropic stimulates release of cortisol; thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates release of thyroid hormone
34
Q

How are lipids transported in the blood?

A

-as lipoproteins

35
Q

What are the four types of lipoproteins?

A
  • chylomicrons
  • very low density lipoproteins
  • low density lipoproteins
  • high density lipoproteins
36
Q

What is the significance of blood cholesterol? Good? Bad?

A

-

  • good: HDL associated with low incident of heart disease
  • bad: high LDL associated with coronary artery disease
37
Q

What is the fate of lipids? What is the distribution of triglyceride storage?

A
  • may be oxidized to produce ATP
  • may be stored in adipose tissue and liver
  • 50% subcutaneous
  • 12% around kidneys
  • 10-15% omenta
  • 15% genital area
  • 5-8% muscles
  • 5% behind eyes, sulci of heart, and epiploic appendages
38
Q

How are lipids catabolized?

A

-lipolysis

39
Q

What is lipolysis? What is it broken down into? What do they then convert into?

A
  • breaking down of triglycerides into gylcerol and fatty acid chains
  • glycerol: glucose used in glycolysis
  • fatty acids: broken down into acetyl-coA
40
Q

What would happen if lipolysis happened excessively?

A
  • excessive acetyl-coA are formed

- build up of ketones

41
Q

How are lipids anabolized?

A

-by lipogenesis

42
Q

What is lipogenesis? When does it occur?

A
  • synthesis of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and prostaglandins
  • made from glucose and amino acids
  • occurs when more calories are consumed than needed
43
Q

How are proteins catabolized?

A

-

44
Q

What is deamination? Where does it take place?

A
  • removal of amino acids

- in liver cells

45
Q

What are amino acids converted into? What is their fate?

A
  • ammonia: converted into urea and excreted

- keto acids: enter krebs, converted into glucose, or converted into fat

46
Q

What hormones stimulate protein catabolism?

A

-

47
Q

How are proteins anabolized? What do DNA and RNA do?

A
  • by ribosomes in cells

- DNA and RNA are used as a blueprint

48
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A
  • needed to synthesize proteins

- 9 that you must get from diet

49
Q

What are nonessential amino acids?

A
  • needed to synthesize proteins

- 11 that your body can make

50
Q

What hormones stimulate protein synthesis?

A
  • growth hormone
  • testosterone
  • cortisol
51
Q

What are vitamins? Function?

A
  • organic molecules needed in small amounts for normal metabolism
  • act as coenzymes
52
Q

What are fat-soluble vitamins? How is excess handled?

A
  • A, D, E, and K

- can be stored

53
Q

What are water-soluble vitamins? How is excess handled?

A
  • B and C

- will be excreted in waste

54
Q

What are minerals? Function?

A
  • inorganic elements of salts

- regulates enzymatic reactions

55
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

-amount of energy released in the body in a given time

56
Q

What is basal metabolic rate? What influences it?

A
  • measurement of metabolic rate when body is in quiet, resting, fasting condition
  • size, composition, gender, age, temperature, drugs, thyroid hormone
57
Q

What is total metabolic rate? What is included?

A
  • amount of energy used or expended by the body at a given time
  • basal metabolic rate
  • energy used for skeletal work
  • thermic effect of food
58
Q

What is energy input?

A

-total calories ingested per day

59
Q

What is energy output?

A

-total calories expended per day

60
Q

How does weight relate to energy input/output?

A
  • weight remains constant when they equal each other
  • more output = weight loss
  • more input = weight gain
61
Q

How is food intake regulated?

A
  • hypothalamus

- appetite and satiety center

62
Q

What is the appetite center?

A

-stimulation = increased appetite

63
Q

What is the satiety center?

A

-stimulation = decreased appetite

64
Q

What stimulates the appetite and satiety center?

A
  • temperature

- blood glucose concentrations

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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