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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

-lies in the sella turcica

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2
Q

What is the infundibulum? Two parts?

A
  • the stemlike stalk of the pituitary gland

- anterior and posterior

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3
Q

Which part of infundibulum is endocrine tissue? Neurosecretory tissue?

A
  • anterior

- posterior

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4
Q

What are the five different cell types of the anterior pituitary? What do they secrete?

A
  • somatotrophs: growth hormone
  • lactotrophs: prolactin
  • thyrotrophs: thyroid stimulating hormone
  • corticotrophs: adenocorticotropic hormone
  • gonadotrophs: luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
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5
Q

Growth Hormone: What does it do? What would hypersecretion do? Hyposecretion?

A
  • promotes bodily growth
  • gigantism; acromegaly
  • pituitary dwarfism
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6
Q

Prolactin: What does it do? What would hypersecretion do?

A
  • promotes development of the breasts in anticipation of lactation
  • stimulates the mammary glands to begin lactation
  • may cause lactation in nonnursing women, disruption in mentrual cycle, and impotence in men
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7
Q

Tropic Hormones: What does it do?

A

-they stimulate other endocrine glands

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8
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: What does it do?

A

-targets the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone

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9
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: What does it do?

A

-targets the cortex of the adrenal gland

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10
Q

Follicle-stimulating Hormone: What does it do?

A
  • targets the ovaries and testes
  • stimulates the development of the ovaries
  • stimulates the development of seminiferous tubules and maintains sperm production
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11
Q

Luteinizing Hormone: What does it do? What would hypersecretion do? Hyposecretion?

A
  • targets the ovaries and testes
  • maintains the corpus luteum
  • stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to develop
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12
Q

Gonadotropins: What does it do?

A

-they stimulate the gonads

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13
Q

How is the adenohypophysis regulated?

A

-hypothalamus axons will secrete chemicals into the blood which target the anterior pituitary gland

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14
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

-carries blood directly to the anterior pituitary

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15
Q

What are releasing hormones?

A
  • GH releasing hormone
  • GH inhibiting hormone , somatostain
  • corticotropin releasing hormone
  • thyrotropin releasing hormone
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone
  • prolactin releasing hormone
  • prolactin inhibiting hormone
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16
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A
  • translate nerve impulses into hormone secretion by endocrine glands
  • links nervous system to the endocrine system
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17
Q

What is the neurohypophysis? Hormones? Which ones comes from the nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A
  • posterior pituitary gland
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • oxytocin
  • both
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18
Q

What is the role of antidiuretic hormone?

A
  • opposing the production of a large urine volume

- prevents large losses of fluid

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19
Q

What is vasopressin?

A
  • aka antidiuretic hormone
  • stimulates contraction of muscles in the walls of the small arteries
  • increases blood pressure
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20
Q

What are the roles of oxytocin? Positive feedback?

A
  • causes milk ejection from the breasts
  • stimulates rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle is the uterus
  • need for more milk and to deliver placenta
21
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete? Function?

A
  • melatonin

- controls sleep cycle

22
Q

How is melatonin secretion regulated?

A

-presence or absence of sunlight

23
Q

What is seasonal affective disorder?

A

-when a patient suffers from depression during the winter when there is less sunlight

24
Q

What is the anatomy of the thyroid gland? Hormones? Roles?

A
  • made of two lateral lobes, connecting isthmus, and pyramid lobe
  • thyroid hormone: T3 and T4; helps regulate the metabolic rate of all cells; growth and cell differentiation
  • calcitonin: increases bone formation; decreases blood calcium levels
25
What does hypersecretion of thyroid hormones do?
- nervousness - tremor - weight loss - excessive hunger - fatigue - general acceleration of body function
26
What is the mechanism of a goiter?
- caused when there is a lack of iodine in the diet | - this causes the thyroid gland to be unable to create thyroid hormone
27
What is the role of calcitonin?
- increases bone formation - decreases blood calcium levels - antagonist of parathyroid hormone
28
Where are the parathyroid glands located? Secretes? Role?
- imbedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland - parathyroid hormone - increases the release of calcium into the blood - causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the urine into the blood
29
Where are the adrenal glands located? Two parts? Made of?
- on top of the kidneys - adrenal cortex (outside portion)- made of endocrine tissue - adrenal medulla (inner portion)- made of neurosecretory tissue
30
What are the different zones of the adrenal cortex? Hormones?
- zona glomerulosa: aldosterone - zona fasciculata: cortisol - zona reticularis: glucocortoids and gonadocorticoids * all of these are corticosteroids
31
What is the role of mineralocortoids?
-regulate how electrolytes are processed by the body
32
What is the main mineralocortoids in humans?
-ex. aldosterone
33
What is the role of glucocorticoids?
- protein breakdown - glucose formation - lipolysis - stress resistance - anti-inflammatory effects - decreases immune responses
34
What is the main glucocorticoids in humans?
-cortisol
35
What is the role of gonadocorticoids?
- secretes small amounts of male sex hormones | - not usually enough to give women masculine characteristics
36
What is the adrenal medulla innervated by?
-the sympathetic preganglionic fibers
37
What does the adrenal medulla secrete? Roles?
- epinephrine - norepinephrine - prolong and enhance the effects of sympathetic stimulation * secretes hormones directly into the blood
38
Where is the pancreas located? Hormones? Roles?
- posterior to the stomach - alpha cell: secretes glucagon; increases blood glucose levels - beta cell: secretes insulin; promostes movement of glucose into cells - delta cell: secretes somatostatin; inhibits G, I, and PP - pancreatic polypeptide cell: secretes pancreatic polypeptide; influences digestion and distribution of food molecules - epsilon cell: secretes ghrelin; stimulates hypothalamus to boost appetite
39
What are the gonads?
-primary sex organs
40
What hormone does the testis secrete? Role?
-testosterone
41
What is testosterone regulated by?
-gonadotropin (mainly LH)
42
What hormones do the ovaries secrete? Roles? Regulated by?
- estrogen: promotes development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics - progesterone: maintains the lining of the uterus necessary for successful pregnancy - FSH and LH
43
What is the placenta? Hormone? Roles?
- tissue that forms on the lining of the uterus as an interface between the circulatory systems of the mother and developing baby - human chorionic gonadotropin: maintains uterine lining, detected in pregnancy tests
44
Where is the thymus? Hormones? Roles?
- located just beneath the superior sternum - thymosin - thymopoetin - play a role in the development of the immune system; stimulate formation of t cells
45
What hormones does the mucosa secrete? Roles?
- gastrin - secretin - cholecystokinin - play a role in coordinating secretory and motor activities of digestion
46
What hormones does the heart secrete? Roles?
- peptide hormones - atrial natriuretic hormone - in response to increased stretch of the atrium - promotes loss of sodium via urine; decreases blood volume pressure
47
What causes the hormones of the heart to be secreted?
-too much blood volume pressure
48
What hormones does adipose tissue secrete? Roles?
- leptin: energy balance, menstruation regulation | - resistin: reduces sensitivity to insulin
49
What does hyposecretion of thyroid hormone do?
- sluggishness - weight gain - skin dryness - constipation - general slowing of body function

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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