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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

-lies in the sella turcica

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2
Q

What is the infundibulum? Two parts?

A
  • the stemlike stalk of the pituitary gland

- anterior and posterior

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3
Q

Which part of infundibulum is endocrine tissue? Neurosecretory tissue?

A
  • anterior

- posterior

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4
Q

What are the five different cell types of the anterior pituitary? What do they secrete?

A
  • somatotrophs: growth hormone
  • lactotrophs: prolactin
  • thyrotrophs: thyroid stimulating hormone
  • corticotrophs: adenocorticotropic hormone
  • gonadotrophs: luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
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5
Q

Growth Hormone: What does it do? What would hypersecretion do? Hyposecretion?

A
  • promotes bodily growth
  • gigantism; acromegaly
  • pituitary dwarfism
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6
Q

Prolactin: What does it do? What would hypersecretion do?

A
  • promotes development of the breasts in anticipation of lactation
  • stimulates the mammary glands to begin lactation
  • may cause lactation in nonnursing women, disruption in mentrual cycle, and impotence in men
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7
Q

Tropic Hormones: What does it do?

A

-they stimulate other endocrine glands

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8
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: What does it do?

A

-targets the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone

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9
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: What does it do?

A

-targets the cortex of the adrenal gland

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10
Q

Follicle-stimulating Hormone: What does it do?

A
  • targets the ovaries and testes
  • stimulates the development of the ovaries
  • stimulates the development of seminiferous tubules and maintains sperm production
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11
Q

Luteinizing Hormone: What does it do? What would hypersecretion do? Hyposecretion?

A
  • targets the ovaries and testes
  • maintains the corpus luteum
  • stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to develop
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12
Q

Gonadotropins: What does it do?

A

-they stimulate the gonads

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13
Q

How is the adenohypophysis regulated?

A

-hypothalamus axons will secrete chemicals into the blood which target the anterior pituitary gland

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14
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

-carries blood directly to the anterior pituitary

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15
Q

What are releasing hormones?

A
  • GH releasing hormone
  • GH inhibiting hormone , somatostain
  • corticotropin releasing hormone
  • thyrotropin releasing hormone
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone
  • prolactin releasing hormone
  • prolactin inhibiting hormone
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16
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A
  • translate nerve impulses into hormone secretion by endocrine glands
  • links nervous system to the endocrine system
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17
Q

What is the neurohypophysis? Hormones? Which ones comes from the nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A
  • posterior pituitary gland
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • oxytocin
  • both
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18
Q

What is the role of antidiuretic hormone?

A
  • opposing the production of a large urine volume

- prevents large losses of fluid

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19
Q

What is vasopressin?

A
  • aka antidiuretic hormone
  • stimulates contraction of muscles in the walls of the small arteries
  • increases blood pressure
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20
Q

What are the roles of oxytocin? Positive feedback?

A
  • causes milk ejection from the breasts
  • stimulates rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle is the uterus
  • need for more milk and to deliver placenta
21
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete? Function?

A
  • melatonin

- controls sleep cycle

22
Q

How is melatonin secretion regulated?

A

-presence or absence of sunlight

23
Q

What is seasonal affective disorder?

A

-when a patient suffers from depression during the winter when there is less sunlight

24
Q

What is the anatomy of the thyroid gland? Hormones? Roles?

A
  • made of two lateral lobes, connecting isthmus, and pyramid lobe
  • thyroid hormone: T3 and T4; helps regulate the metabolic rate of all cells; growth and cell differentiation
  • calcitonin: increases bone formation; decreases blood calcium levels
25
Q

What does hypersecretion of thyroid hormones do?

A
  • nervousness
  • tremor
  • weight loss
  • excessive hunger
  • fatigue
  • general acceleration of body function
26
Q

What is the mechanism of a goiter?

A
  • caused when there is a lack of iodine in the diet

- this causes the thyroid gland to be unable to create thyroid hormone

27
Q

What is the role of calcitonin?

A
  • increases bone formation
  • decreases blood calcium levels
  • antagonist of parathyroid hormone
28
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located? Secretes? Role?

A
  • imbedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
  • parathyroid hormone
  • increases the release of calcium into the blood
  • causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the urine into the blood
29
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located? Two parts? Made of?

A
  • on top of the kidneys
  • adrenal cortex (outside portion)- made of endocrine tissue
  • adrenal medulla (inner portion)- made of neurosecretory tissue
30
Q

What are the different zones of the adrenal cortex? Hormones?

A
  • zona glomerulosa: aldosterone
  • zona fasciculata: cortisol
  • zona reticularis: glucocortoids and gonadocorticoids
  • all of these are corticosteroids
31
Q

What is the role of mineralocortoids?

A

-regulate how electrolytes are processed by the body

32
Q

What is the main mineralocortoids in humans?

A

-ex. aldosterone

33
Q

What is the role of glucocorticoids?

A
  • protein breakdown
  • glucose formation
  • lipolysis
  • stress resistance
  • anti-inflammatory effects
  • decreases immune responses
34
Q

What is the main glucocorticoids in humans?

A

-cortisol

35
Q

What is the role of gonadocorticoids?

A
  • secretes small amounts of male sex hormones

- not usually enough to give women masculine characteristics

36
Q

What is the adrenal medulla innervated by?

A

-the sympathetic preganglionic fibers

37
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete? Roles?

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • prolong and enhance the effects of sympathetic stimulation
  • secretes hormones directly into the blood
38
Q

Where is the pancreas located? Hormones? Roles?

A
  • posterior to the stomach
  • alpha cell: secretes glucagon; increases blood glucose levels
  • beta cell: secretes insulin; promostes movement of glucose into cells
  • delta cell: secretes somatostatin; inhibits G, I, and PP
  • pancreatic polypeptide cell: secretes pancreatic polypeptide; influences digestion and distribution of food molecules
  • epsilon cell: secretes ghrelin; stimulates hypothalamus to boost appetite
39
Q

What are the gonads?

A

-primary sex organs

40
Q

What hormone does the testis secrete? Role?

A

-testosterone

41
Q

What is testosterone regulated by?

A

-gonadotropin (mainly LH)

42
Q

What hormones do the ovaries secrete? Roles? Regulated by?

A
  • estrogen: promotes development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics
  • progesterone: maintains the lining of the uterus necessary for successful pregnancy
  • FSH and LH
43
Q

What is the placenta? Hormone? Roles?

A
  • tissue that forms on the lining of the uterus as an interface between the circulatory systems of the mother and developing baby
  • human chorionic gonadotropin: maintains uterine lining, detected in pregnancy tests
44
Q

Where is the thymus? Hormones? Roles?

A
  • located just beneath the superior sternum
  • thymosin
  • thymopoetin
  • play a role in the development of the immune system; stimulate formation of t cells
45
Q

What hormones does the mucosa secrete? Roles?

A
  • gastrin
  • secretin
  • cholecystokinin
  • play a role in coordinating secretory and motor activities of digestion
46
Q

What hormones does the heart secrete? Roles?

A
  • peptide hormones
  • atrial natriuretic hormone
  • in response to increased stretch of the atrium
  • promotes loss of sodium via urine; decreases blood volume pressure
47
Q

What causes the hormones of the heart to be secreted?

A

-too much blood volume pressure

48
Q

What hormones does adipose tissue secrete? Roles?

A
  • leptin: energy balance, menstruation regulation

- resistin: reduces sensitivity to insulin

49
Q

What does hyposecretion of thyroid hormone do?

A
  • sluggishness
  • weight gain
  • skin dryness
  • constipation
  • general slowing of body function

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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