Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 39 > Flashcards

Chapter 39 Flashcards

1
Q

What organs make up the lower digestive tract?

A
  • small intestine

- large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What accessory organs help with digestion in the lower digestive tract?

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • vermiform appendix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A
  • digestion

- absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three divisions of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the components of the wall of the small intestine?

A
  • plicae
  • villi
  • microvilli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are plicae? Function?

A
  • the folds of the small intestine

- increase surface area for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are villi? Function?

A
  • the folds on the plicae
  • increase surface area
  • contains arteriole, venule, and lacteal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are microvilli? What cells have them? Function?

A
  • the hairs along the villi along the plicae
  • enterocytes
  • increase the surface area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the wall layers of the small intestine?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the epithelium of the small intestine made of?

A
  • goblet cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
  • tuft cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

-secrete mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

-secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do tuft cells do?

A

-secrete prostaglandins and endorphins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the valleys between the villi called? What cells are found here?

A
  • intestinal crypts
  • intestinal stem cells
  • paneth cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do Paneth cells do?

What do intestinal stem cells do?

A
  • secrete lysozyme to inhibit bacterial growth

- to regrow the epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the movement of peristalsis?

A

-weak; lasts 3-5 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the movement of segmentation?

A
  • local mixing of chyme with intestinal juices

- sloshing back and forth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the divisions of the large intestines?

A
  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the ileocecal valve? What does it join?

A

-permits material to pass from the ileum to the cecum of the large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the cecum?

A

-blind-ended pouch located in the lower right quadrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What accessory structures join the cecum?

A

-where the appendix attaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the ascending colon?

A
  • right side of the abdomen

- extends to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the hepatic flexure?

A

-the turn by the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is the transverse colon?

A
  • passes horizontally across the abdomen

- below liver, stomach, and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where is the descending colon?
-descend vertically on the left side of the abdomen
26
What is the splenic flexure?
-the turn by the spleen
27
Where is the sigmoid colon?
-courses downward in the shape of an S
28
Where is the rectum?
- joins the sigmoid colon from the left | - that's why patients lie on their left side when giving an enema
29
What are the transverse rectal folds/rectal valves?
-the folds of the rectum that help hold the feces in place
30
What is the anal canal?
- controlled by sphincters | - the terminal inch of the rectum
31
What sphincters are found in the anal canal? Involuntary or Voluntary?
- internal anal sphincter: involuntary | - external anal sphincter: voluntary
32
What is the opening of the anal canal called?
-anus
33
What are the unique properties of the walls of the large intestine?
- contains intestinal mucous glands - no villi - teniae coli - haustra - epiploic appendages
34
What are teniae coli?
-longitudinal muscles grouped into ribbons
35
What are haustra?
-pouches created by the circular muscles
36
What are epiploic appendages?
-fat that sticks off of the large intestine
37
Where is the vermiform appendix located? Function?
- sticks off of the cecum | - may help grow the bacteria in the stomach
38
What type of cells are found in the vermiform appendix?
-lymphoid tissue
39
What is the peritoneum?
-large, continuous sheet of serous membrane
40
Where is the parietal layer? Visceral layer?
- parietal: lines the walls of the entire abdominal cavity | - visceral: forms a serous outer coat on many of the organs
41
What does intraperitoneal mean?
-within the peritoneum
42
What organs are intraperitoneal?
-lots of them
43
What does retroperitoneal mean?
-outside the peritoneum
44
What organs are retroperitoneal?
- suprarenal gland - aorta - duodenum - pancreas - ureters - colon: ascending/descending - kidneys - esophagus - rectum
45
What are the large folds of the peritoneum? Location? Function?
- greater omentum: apron of fat; protection - falciform ligament: by the liver; divides right and left lobe - lesser omentum: attaches liver to lesser curvature of the stomach - mesentery: where fat is stored in males, holds the intestines together - mesocolon: binds transverse colon to sigmoid colon
46
Where is the liver?
-largest gland that lies underneath the diaphragm
47
What connects the liver to the diaphragm?
-coronary ligaments
48
What are the divisions of the liver? What divides it?
- right and left lobe | - falciform ligament
49
What is the functional unit of the liver?
-lobules
50
What macrophages are fixed in the liver?
-stellate macrophages
51
What is the pathway of bile from the liver to the small intestine?
-hepatocytes -> R and L hepatic duct -> common hepatic duct
52
Where is the gallbladder located? Function?
- pear-shaped attachment on the underside of the liver - stored bile and ejects it when food enters the duodenum - DOES NOT make bile
53
Where is the pancreas?
-lies in the arms of the duodenum
54
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
-secretes pancreatic juices
55
How do pancreatic juices enter the small intestine?
-pancreatic duct joins with common bile duct which has an accessory duct that enters the duodenum
56
What division of the small intestine do pancreatic juices enter?
-duodenum
57
How are exocrine cells arranged in the pancreas?
-arranged in acini
58
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
- pancreatic islets secrete hormones | - glucagon and insulin
59
What are the functions of the liver?
- carbohydrate metabolism: maintaining blood glucose levels - lipid metabolism: synthesize or store fat - protein metabolism - detoxifies drugs and hormones - breaks down and removes olf red blood cells - secretes bile - storage of iron, vitamin B12, and vitamin D - hematopoiesis during fetal development
60
Where in the small intestine does the common bile duct open?
-the duodenum
61
What are the components of a lobule?
- hepatocytes - central vein - portal (hepatic) triad
62
What are hepatocytes?
-liver cells
63
What is the hepatic triad? What makes it up?
- interlobular artery - interlobular portal vein - interlobular bile duct
64
What is the function of each component of the hepatic triad?
- interlobular artery: oxygenates hepatocytes - interlobular portal vein: inspection - interlobular bile duct: bile canaliculi -> bile ductules -> bile duct
65
What is the blood supply from the liver to the heart?
- liver sinusoids - central vein - hepatic vein - inferior vena cava - right atrium
66
What layer of the GI tract is the visceral layer of the peritoneum?
-serosa

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions