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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 38 > Flashcards

Chapter 38 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A
  • prepare nutrients for absorption and for use by the millions of body cells
  • must be modified physically and chemically
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2
Q

What are the six basic processes of the digestive system?

A
  • ingestion
  • secretion
  • mixing and propulsion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • defecation
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3
Q

What is the scientific name for the digestive tube?

A
  • alimentary canal

- digestive tract

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4
Q

What is the upper digestive tract?

A
  • from mouth to stomach
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
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5
Q

What is the lower digestive tract?

A
  • from small intestine to anus
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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6
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract?

A
  • salivary glands
  • tongue
  • teeth
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • vermiform appendix
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7
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract wall?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
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8
Q

What are the three sublayers of the mucosa?

A
  • mucous epithelium
  • lamina propria (connective tissue)
  • muscularis mucosae (muscle)
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9
Q

What do you find in the submucosa?

A
  • glands
  • blood vessels
  • submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus (nerve supply)
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10
Q

What are the two muscular layers of the muscularis?

A
  • circular muscle layer

- longitudinal muscle layer

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11
Q

What plexus do you find in the muscularis?

A
  • myenteric plexus (Auerbach)

- nerve supply

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12
Q

What is the serosa layer?

A
  • outer most layer
  • connective tissue layer
  • visceral layer of the peritoneum
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13
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

-serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

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14
Q

What kind of epithelium do you find in the esophagus? Why?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium

- protection

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15
Q

What kind of epithelium do you find in the intestines? Why?

A
  • simple columnar epithelium

- absorption

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16
Q

What are the salivary glands?

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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17
Q

What two types of cells make up salivary glands? What does each type secrete?

A
  • serous cells: watery decretion with digestive enzymes

- mucous cells: mucus

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18
Q

Where are parotid glands found?

A

-anterior and inferior to ear

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19
Q

What kind of liquid do parotid glands secrete?

A

-serous saliva

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20
Q

Where are the ducts of the parotid glands located?

A

-above your superior molars

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21
Q

Where are submandibular glands found?

A

-underneath the angle of the mandible

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22
Q

What kind of liquid do submandibular glands secrete?

A

-serous and mucus

23
Q

Where are the ducts of the submandibular glands located?

A

-under the tongue

24
Q

Where are sublingual glands found?

A

-under the tongue

25
Q

What kind of liquid do sublingual glands secrete?

A

-mucus

26
Q

Where are the ducts of the sublingual glands located?

A

-lots of ducts under the tongue

27
Q

What is the composition of saliva? What is the purpose of each component?

A
  • water: helps dissolve; 99.5%

- solutes: breaks down, kills bacteria, lubricates, removes waste; 0.5%

28
Q

What is the scientific term for chewing?

A

-mastication

29
Q

What are deciduous teeth? How many?

A
  • baby teeth

- 20

30
Q

What are permanent teeth? How many?

A
  • adult teeth that replace baby teeth

- 32

31
Q

What is the scientific term for swallowing?

A

-deglutition

32
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A

-extends from the internal nares to the esophagus to the larynx

33
Q

What is the mesentery?

A
  • fold of the visceral peritoneum

- where all blood vessels come from

34
Q

Where is the esophagus?

A

-muscular tube that lines behind the trachea

35
Q

Where does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A

-through the esophageal hiatus

36
Q

What does the esophagus do?

A
  • secrete mucus

- transports food to the stomach

37
Q

What regulates food movement?

A

-sphincters

38
Q

What is a sphincter?

A

-valves that regulate the passage of material

39
Q

What is the type of muscle control for each section of the esophagus?

A
  • upper third: voluntary
  • middle third: voluntary and involuntary
  • lower third: involuntary
40
Q

What are the stages of deglutition? What is happening during each stage?

A
  • voluntary: movement of tongue upward and back; moves bolus to the oropharynx
  • pharyngeal: all of the airway passages close and food gets passed into the esophagus
  • esophageal: peristalsis occurs; controlled by the medulla
41
Q

Where is the stomach?

A
  • just below the diaphragm

- left of the median line

42
Q

What joins the stomach and what exits the stomach?

A
  • joins: cardia

- exits: pylorus

43
Q

What are the different divisions of the stomach?

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pylorus
44
Q

What are the curves of the stomach?

A
  • lesser curvature

- greater curvature

45
Q

What are the sphincters of the stomach?

A
  • lower esophageal sphincter

- pyloric sphincter

46
Q

What is unique about the wall of the stomach?

A
  • same four layers
  • extra muscle layers- oblique
  • rugae
47
Q

What is unique about the wall of the stomach?

A
  • same four layers
  • extra muscle layer in the muscularis- oblique layer
  • rugae
48
Q

What are gastric pits? What cells do you find there? Function

A
  • valleys
  • mucous neck cells
  • produces mucus that protects the stomach lining
49
Q

What are gastric glands? What cells do you find there?

A
  • underneath the gastric pits
  • chief cells, parietal cells, endocrine cells
  • produce enzymes and acids that enter the stomach
50
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

-secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase

51
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

-secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (binds and protects vitamin B12)

52
Q

What do endocrine cells do?

A
  • secretes ghrelin that stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete growth hormone and increase appetite
  • secretes gastrin that influences digestion
53
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

-

54
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A
  • food reservoir
  • secretes gastric fluid
  • churns the food
  • secretes stuff
  • small site of absorption

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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