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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 38 > Flashcards

Chapter 38 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A
  • prepare nutrients for absorption and for use by the millions of body cells
  • must be modified physically and chemically
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2
Q

What are the six basic processes of the digestive system?

A
  • ingestion
  • secretion
  • mixing and propulsion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • defecation
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3
Q

What is the scientific name for the digestive tube?

A
  • alimentary canal

- digestive tract

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4
Q

What is the upper digestive tract?

A
  • from mouth to stomach
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
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5
Q

What is the lower digestive tract?

A
  • from small intestine to anus
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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6
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract?

A
  • salivary glands
  • tongue
  • teeth
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • vermiform appendix
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7
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract wall?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
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8
Q

What are the three sublayers of the mucosa?

A
  • mucous epithelium
  • lamina propria (connective tissue)
  • muscularis mucosae (muscle)
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9
Q

What do you find in the submucosa?

A
  • glands
  • blood vessels
  • submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus (nerve supply)
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10
Q

What are the two muscular layers of the muscularis?

A
  • circular muscle layer

- longitudinal muscle layer

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11
Q

What plexus do you find in the muscularis?

A
  • myenteric plexus (Auerbach)

- nerve supply

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12
Q

What is the serosa layer?

A
  • outer most layer
  • connective tissue layer
  • visceral layer of the peritoneum
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13
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

-serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

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14
Q

What kind of epithelium do you find in the esophagus? Why?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium

- protection

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15
Q

What kind of epithelium do you find in the intestines? Why?

A
  • simple columnar epithelium

- absorption

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16
Q

What are the salivary glands?

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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17
Q

What two types of cells make up salivary glands? What does each type secrete?

A
  • serous cells: watery decretion with digestive enzymes

- mucous cells: mucus

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18
Q

Where are parotid glands found?

A

-anterior and inferior to ear

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19
Q

What kind of liquid do parotid glands secrete?

A

-serous saliva

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20
Q

Where are the ducts of the parotid glands located?

A

-above your superior molars

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21
Q

Where are submandibular glands found?

A

-underneath the angle of the mandible

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22
Q

What kind of liquid do submandibular glands secrete?

A

-serous and mucus

23
Q

Where are the ducts of the submandibular glands located?

A

-under the tongue

24
Q

Where are sublingual glands found?

A

-under the tongue

25
What kind of liquid do sublingual glands secrete?
-mucus
26
Where are the ducts of the sublingual glands located?
-lots of ducts under the tongue
27
What is the composition of saliva? What is the purpose of each component?
- water: helps dissolve; 99.5% | - solutes: breaks down, kills bacteria, lubricates, removes waste; 0.5%
28
What is the scientific term for chewing?
-mastication
29
What are deciduous teeth? How many?
- baby teeth | - 20
30
What are permanent teeth? How many?
- adult teeth that replace baby teeth | - 32
31
What is the scientific term for swallowing?
-deglutition
32
Where is the pharynx located?
-extends from the internal nares to the esophagus to the larynx
33
What is the mesentery?
- fold of the visceral peritoneum | - where all blood vessels come from
34
Where is the esophagus?
-muscular tube that lines behind the trachea
35
Where does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm?
-through the esophageal hiatus
36
What does the esophagus do?
- secrete mucus | - transports food to the stomach
37
What regulates food movement?
-sphincters
38
What is a sphincter?
-valves that regulate the passage of material
39
What is the type of muscle control for each section of the esophagus?
- upper third: voluntary - middle third: voluntary and involuntary - lower third: involuntary
40
What are the stages of deglutition? What is happening during each stage?
- voluntary: movement of tongue upward and back; moves bolus to the oropharynx - pharyngeal: all of the airway passages close and food gets passed into the esophagus - esophageal: peristalsis occurs; controlled by the medulla
41
Where is the stomach?
- just below the diaphragm | - left of the median line
42
What joins the stomach and what exits the stomach?
- joins: cardia | - exits: pylorus
43
What are the different divisions of the stomach?
- cardia - fundus - body - pylorus
44
What are the curves of the stomach?
- lesser curvature | - greater curvature
45
What are the sphincters of the stomach?
- lower esophageal sphincter | - pyloric sphincter
46
What is unique about the wall of the stomach?
- same four layers - extra muscle layers- oblique - rugae
47
What is unique about the wall of the stomach?
- same four layers - extra muscle layer in the muscularis- oblique layer - rugae
48
What are gastric pits? What cells do you find there? Function
- valleys - mucous neck cells - produces mucus that protects the stomach lining
49
What are gastric glands? What cells do you find there?
- underneath the gastric pits - chief cells, parietal cells, endocrine cells - produce enzymes and acids that enter the stomach
50
What do chief cells do?
-secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase
51
What do parietal cells do?
-secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (binds and protects vitamin B12)
52
What do endocrine cells do?
- secretes ghrelin that stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete growth hormone and increase appetite - secretes gastrin that influences digestion
53
What is the function of the stomach?
-
54
What is the function of the stomach?
- food reservoir - secretes gastric fluid - churns the food - secretes stuff - small site of absorption

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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