Chapter 28

Question 1

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

• heart
• arteries
• capillaries
• veins

Question 2

Where is the heart located?

Answer 2

-mediastinum

Question 3

What is the base of the heart?

Answer 3

• the top of the heart where the vessels come out

- underneath the 2nd rib

Question 4

What is the apex of the heart?

Answer 4

-the point of the heart that sits in the 5th intercostal space and on the diaphragm

Question 5

What is the pericardium?

Answer 5

-a membrane that covers the heart

Question 6

What are the different layers of the pericardium? Describe them.

Answer 6

• fibrous pericardium: thick, dense, nonstretchable membrane which is attached at the diaphragm and vessels
• serous pericardium: split into parietal and visceral, reduces friction, thin, moveable, and contains serous fluid

Question 7

What is another name for the visceral serous pericardium?

Answer 7

-epicaridum

Question 8

What is the purpose of the pericardium?

Answer 8

-contains and protects the heart

Question 9

Where is the pericardial space?

Answer 9

-in between the parietal and visceral layers

Question 10

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 10

-when there is a severe compression of the heart due to the buildup of fluid in the pericardial space

Question 11

What are the layers of the heart wall?

Answer 11

• epicardium
• myocardium
• endocardium

Question 12

What is the epicardium actually?

Answer 12

-the outside layer of the heart that is actually the visceral serous pericardium

Question 13

What makes up the myocardium?

Answer 13

• muscle

- the main bulk of the heart

Question 14

What are intercalated discs?

Answer 14

• join branched muscle cells together

- gap junctions

Question 15

What is syncytium?

Answer 15

• the gap junction of the intercalated discs join in the cells into a single functional unit
• when the heart acts as one unit because of I. Discs

Question 16

What are trabeculae carneae?

Answer 16

-malice projections of the myocardium

Question 17

What makes up heart valves?

Answer 17

-pockets and folds of the endocardium

Question 18

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 18

• right and left atria

- right and left ventricles

Question 19

What do the atria do?

Answer 19

• receiving chambers from veins

- push blood into the ventricles

Question 20

What do the ventricles do?

Answer 20

• receiving chambers from the atria

- pump blood into the arteries

Question 21

What are auricles? Function?

Answer 21

• a little pocket extension coming off of the atrium

- increases volume of the atrium

Question 22

How do the thickness of the atria and ventricles compare?

Answer 22

• ventricles are thicker than atria

- left atrium and ventricle are thicker than right atrium and ventricle

Question 23

What are the names of the valves?

Answer 23

• right: tricuspid (three flaps)
• left: bicuspid (mitral) (two flaps)
• semilunar: aortic and pulmonary

Question 24

What is the purpose of the valves?

Answer 24

-permit flow of blood in one direction only

Question 25

What are papillary muscles?

Answer 25

-anchors each free edge of flap from the AV valves to the ventricles

Question 26

What are chordae tendineae?

Answer 26

-tendinous chords that connect the flaps of the valves to the papillary muscles

Question 27

What is the purpose of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae?

Answer 27

-prevents the cusps from pushing backward into the atria

Question 28

What is the skeleton of the heart? Function?

Answer 28

- fibrous structure that supports the heart valves and serves as a point of attachment of cardiac muscles - electrical barrier between the myocardium of the atria and the myocardium of the ventricles

Question 29

What are you hearing when you listen to the heart sounds?

Answer 29

-the opening and closing of the valves

Question 30

What vessels supply oxygenated blood to the heart? Where do they come from?

Answer 30

- the pulmonary veins | - from the lungs

Question 31

What drains the deoxygenated blood? Where does it drain?

Answer 31

- superior vena cava - inferior vena cava - coronary sinus - they all drain blood into the right atrium

Question 32

What is the nerve supply to the heart?

Answer 32

- autorhythmic - can generate its own action potentials - but it is still influenced by the body

Question 33

What is the conductions pathway of the heart?

Answer 33

- SA Node - AV Node - AV Bundle - R and L Bundle branches - Purkinije fibers

Question 34

What is an ECG?

Answer 34

-electrical activity of the heart

Question 35

What are the waves of an ECG? What does each represent?

Answer 35

- p wave: atrial depolarization - qrs complex: ventricular depolarization - t wave: ventricular repolarization - pr interval: beginning of atrial depolarization to the beginning of ventricular depolarization - st segment: plateau phase of ventricular fibers - qt interval: duration of ventricular depolarization to repolarization

Question 36

What is atrial systole? What is occurring?

Answer 36

- depolarization of the SA node that causes atrial depolarization (before the actual contraction of the atrium) - P wave

Question 37

What valves open and what valves close in atrial systole?

Answer 37

- AV valves are open | - semilunar valves are closed

Question 38

What is ventricular systole? What heart sound does it represent?

Answer 38

- AV valves closing | - lub or s1

Question 39

What valves are open and what valves are closed in ventricular systole?

Answer 39

- open: none | - closed: all

Question 40

What is ejection?

Answer 40

-ventricular pressure continues and will eventually surpass aortic and pulmonary (semilunar) valve pressure

Question 41

What valves are open and what valves are closed during ejection?

Answer 41

- open: semilunar | - closed: av valves

Question 42

What is residual volume?

Answer 42

-amount of blood that remains in the ventricles at the end of ejection

Question 43

What is ventricular diastole? What heart sound does it represent?

Answer 43

- begins with ventricular relaxation - period between closure of SL and opening of AV - dub of s2

Question 44

What is passive ventricular filling?

Answer 44

- eventually, atrial pressure will exceed ventricular pressure causing AV valves to open - aka diastasis

Question 45

What are the four heart sounds?

Answer 45

- s1: lub; closure of AV valves - s2: dub; closure of SL valves - s3: ventricular filling - s4: atrial systole

Question 46

What is the pulmonary circuit? What is the pump for it?

Answer 46

- carries deoxy. blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxy. blood back to the heart - right ventricle

Question 47

What is the systemic circuit? What is the pump for it?

Answer 47

- carries oxy. blood away from the heart to the body and returns deoxy. blood back to the heart - left ventricle

Question 48

Where do the coronary arteries run? What are the important branches of each?

Answer 48

- run on top of divisions between chambers - right coronary artery: posterior interventricular artery (between right atrium/ventricle) - left coronary artery: anterior interventricular artery (between ventricles) and circumflex artery (between left atrium/ventricle)